Heraklius: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
|||
Baris 26:
Heraklius membuka hubungan diplomatik dengan [[bangsa Kroasia]] dan [[bangsa Serbia]] di [[semenanjung Balkan|Jazirah Balkan]]. Ia berusaha mengakhiri skisma di kalangan umat Kristen akibat [[Monofisitisme|bidah Monofisit]] dengan merumuskan sebuah doktrin kompromi yang disebut [[Monotelitisme]]. [[Gereja dari Timur|Gereja di Timur]] (lazim disebut Gereja Nestorian) juga dilibatkan.<ref>[http://east-west.rsuh.ru/article.html?id=67105 Seleznyov N.N. "Heraclius and Ishoʿyahb II"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127120233/http://east-west.rsuh.ru/article.html?id=67105 |date=January 27, 2012 }}, Simvol 61: Syriaca-Arabica-Iranica. (Paris-Moscow, 2012), hlmn. 280–300.</ref> Pada akhirnya usaha pemulihan kesatuan ini ditolak semua pihak yang bertikai.
== Perang melawan bangsa Arab ==
{{utama|Peperangan Romawi Timur-Arab|Daftar ekspedisi Muhammad}}
[[File:Muslim-Byzantine troop movement (635-636).svg|thumb|left|Pergerakan pasukan Arab dan Romawi Timur sejak bulan September 635 sampai tepat menjelang pecahnya Pertempuran Yarmuk]]
{{Pertempuran Muhammad}}
Pada tahun 629, [[Muhammad]], nabi Islam, sudah berhasil mempersatukan semua suku di [[Jazirah Arab]], yang sebelumnya terpecah belah sehingga tidak berdaya menghadapi tantangan militer Romawi Timur maupun Persia. Dengan [[agama Islam]] sebagai unsur pemersatu, bangsa Arab menjadi salah satu negara terkuat di kawasannya.<ref name="Lewis hlm. 43–44">[[#refLewis2002|Lewis 2002]], hlm. 43–44.</ref><!-- The first conflict between the Byzantines and Muslims was the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] in September 629. A small Muslim skirmishing force attacked the province of [[Arabia Petraea|Arabia]] in response to the Muslim ambassador's death at the hands of the [[Ghassanid]] Roman governor, but were repulsed. Because the engagement was a Byzantine victory, there was no apparent reason to make changes to the military organization of the region.<ref name="Kaegi p. 231">[[#refKaegi2003|Kaegi 2003]], p. 231.</ref> Also, the Byzantines had little battlefield experience with the Arabs, and even less with zealous soldiers united by a prophet.<ref name="Kaegi p. 230">[[#refKaegi2003|Kaegi 2003]], p. 230.</ref> Even the [[Strategicon of Maurice]], a [[Byzantine military manuals|manual of war]] praised for the variety of enemies it covers, does not mention warfare against [[Arabs]] at any length.<ref name="Kaegi p. 230"/>
The following year the Muslims launched an offensive into the [[Arabah]] south of [[Lake Tiberias]], taking [[Al Karak]]. Other raids penetrated into the [[Negev]], reaching as far as [[Gaza City|Gaza]].<ref name="Kaegi p. 233">[[#refKaegi2003|Kaegi 2003]], p. 233.</ref> The [[Battle of Yarmouk]] in 636 resulted in a crushing defeat for the larger Byzantine army; within three years, the [[Levant]] had been lost again. By the time of Heraclius's death in Constantinople, on February 11, 641, most of Egypt had fallen as well.{{sfn|Franzius}}-->
== Keluarga ==
| |||