VSS Unity: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
+ 6 Kategori menggunakan HotCat |
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
||
Baris 35:
}}
|}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:VSS ''Unity''}}
'''VSS Unity''' (Virgin Space Ship Unity, [[Registrasi pesawat|Registrasi]]: '''N202VG'''), sebelumnya dikenal dengan nama '''VSS ''Voyager''''', adalah sebuah [[spaceplane|pesawat ruang angkasa]] [[suborbital]] berawak kelas [[SpaceShipTwo]] yang [[pesawat terbang roket|ditenagai oleh roket]]. Pesawat ini merupakan pesawat kedua dalam kelas SpaceShipTwo dan saat ini dipergunakan sebagai armada pesawat [[Virgin Galactic]]. VS Unity pertama kali menyentuh ketinggian {{convert|50|mi|km|abbr=on}} pada 13 Desember 2018.<ref name="VSS Unity Name Tweet">{{cite tweet|user=virgingalactic|number=700795235291402240|date=19 February 2016|title=Virgin Galactic announces new ship name}}</ref>
Pesawat ini keluar dari pabriknya pada 19 Februari 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/New-SpaceShipTwo-Rollout-Friday-225723-1.html|title=New SpaceShipTwo Rollout Friday|work=AVweb|date=18 February 2016 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/virgin-galactic-new-spaceship-1.3399865|title=Virgin Galactic unveils new space tourism rocket plane|date=19 February 2016|work=[[CBC News]]|access-date=20 February 2016}}</ref> dan menyelesaikan serangkaian pengujian di darat pada September 2016. Penerbangan pertamanya dilakukan pada 8 September 2016.<ref name="VG first flight"/><ref name="Geekwire 2016-09-08">{{cite web |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/virgin-galactic-new-spaceshiptwo-captive-carry/ |title=Virgin Galactic's new SpaceShipTwo gets off the ground, two years after fatal mishap |publisher=GeekWire |date=2016-09-08 |access-date=2016-09-08}}</ref><ref name=vg20160310/>
==Gambaran==
VSS Unity merupakan pesawat suborbital [[SpaceShipTwo]] kedua yang dibuat untuk [[Virgin Galactic]].<ref name="4 May 2015 VG SS2 Construction update">{{cite web|title=Mojave Update: SpaceShipTwo Construction|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/mojave-update-spaceshiptwo-construction/|website=virgingalactic.com|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Pesawat ini, beserta pesawat SpaceShipTwo lainnya, dibuat oleh perusahaan [[The Spaceship Company]] asal Amerika Serikat. Nama pesawat ini diumumkan pada 19 Februari 2016.<ref name="VSS Unity Name Tweet" /> Sebelum nama tersebut diumumkan, pesawat ini seringkali disebut sebagai SpaceShipTwo Serial Number Two.<ref name="Air & Space Mag interview with George Whitesides">{{cite web|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Zach|title=The Making of SpaceShipTwo|url=http://www.airspacemag.com/as-interview/making-spaceshiptwo-180952849/?no-ist|website=Air & Space Smithsonian|publisher=Smithsonian Air & Space Magazine|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="CNN tour inside SS2 hangar">{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Rachel|title=Inside Virgin Galactic's newest passenger spaceship|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/13/tech/virgin-galactic-space-tourism-update/|website=Inside Virgin Galactic's Space Tourism Rocket Factory|publisher=CNN|access-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>
Sempat terdapat spekulasi pada tahun 2004 yang mengatakan bahwa Serial Number Two akan dinamai VSS Voyager.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/3500237 |title= One small step for space tourism... |date= 16 December 2004 |publisher= The Economist }}</ref> Sejak saat itu, media menggunakan nama tersebut dalam pemberitaan mereka.<ref>{{cite news |last=Roll |first=Erin |url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/glen-ridge-resident-helping-to-launch-commercial-spaceflight-1.696763 |title=Glen Ridge resident helping to launch commercial spaceflight |work=NorthJersey.com |date=2013-11-21 |access-date=2015-11-09 }}</ref><ref name="IBT20141031">{{cite news |last=Dean |first=Lewis |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-pilot-dies-after-serious-flight-problem-1472637 |title=Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo Crash: Pilot Dies After 'Serious' In-Flight Problem |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2014-10-31 |access-date=2015-11-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Harlow |first=John |url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/article1481365.ece?CMP=OTH-gnws-standard-2014_11_08 |title= Virgin: Our spaceship will be flying by April |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |location=London |date=2014-11-09 |access-date=2015-11-09 }}</ref> Meskipun demikian, nama yang kemudian diumumkan secara resmi adalah Unity, nama yang diusulkan oleh [[fisikawan]] asal Inggris, [[Stephen Hawking]]. Mata Stephen Hawking juga digunakan sebagai model untuk logo mata di sisi samping Unity.<ref name="USAToday-YoutubeChannel-2015-02-19">{{cite news |author= USA Today |publisher= Youtube |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6aNn91OnB-8 |title= New Virgin Galactic spacecraft gets rock star unveiling |date= 2016-02-19 }}</ref>
==Sejarah==
[[Berkas:Lorenda Ward SpaceShipTwo 2014.jpg|thumb|VSS Unity saat sedang dibuat]]
Pembuatan Unity dimulai pada 2012.<ref name=NewsDaily-2014-11-05/> Registrasi wahana antariksa N202VG didaftarkan pada September 2014.<ref name=FAA-N202VG>{{cite web |url= http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=202VG |date= 11 September 2014 |access-date= 2014-11-05 |title= N202VG is Reserved |publisher= FAA }}</ref> Hingga awal November 2014, struktur Unity telah selesai 90 persen atau 65 persen pesawat secara keseluruhan. Hingga April 2015, uji coba di darat direncanakan setidaknya akhir 2015,<ref name=Telegraph-2015-04-21>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11551234/Virgin-Galactic-to-test-new-craft-by-end-of-year.html |title= Virgin Galactic 'to test new craft by end of year' |date= 21 April 2015 |publisher= The Telegraph (London) }}</ref> setelah ditunda dari yang semula pertengahan 2015 pada November 2014.<ref name=IBT-2014-11-05>{{cite news |url= http://www.ibtimes.com/virgin-galactic-hopes-restart-spaceshiptwo-tests-summer-2015-1719766 |title= Virgin Galactic Hopes To Restart SpaceShipTwo Tests In Summer 2015 |author= Luke Villapaz |date= 5 November 2014 |work= International Business Times }}</ref><ref name=nw20141102>{{cite news |url= http://www.newsweek.com/virgin-galactic-ceo-sees-new-spacecraft-ready-next-year-281652 |title= Virgin Galactic CEO Sees New Spacecraft Ready Next Year |access-date= 2014-11-02 |publisher= Newsweek |agency= Reuters |date= 2 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name=NBCnews-2014-11-05>{{cite news |url= http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/next-spaceshiptwo-takes-shape-virgin-galactic-hangar-n242316 |title= The Next SpaceShipTwo Takes Shape in Virgin Galactic Hangar |author= Alan Boyle |date= 5 November 2014 |publisher= NBC News }}</ref> Pada 21 Mei 2015, Unity berhasil menahan bebannya sendiri menggunakan roda pendatan.<ref name=NBCNews--2015-05-22>{{cite news |url= http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/its-first-virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-2-0-puts-weight-wheels-n363246 |title= Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo 2.0 Puts 'Weight on Wheels' |date= 22 May 2015 |author= Alan Boyle |publisher= NBC News }}</ref> Pesawat ini kemudian dipublikasikan pada 19 Februari 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/19/us/virgin-galactic-new-space-plane/index.html|title=Virgin Galactic unveils new spaceship|date=19 February 2016|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219164726/https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/19/us/virgin-galactic-new-space-plane/index.html|archive-date=19 February 2018|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
Saat dipublikasikan, VSS Unity menjadi satu-satunya armada Virgin Galactic yang siap beroperasi sejak [[VSS Enterprise]] mengalami [[Kecelakaan VSS Enterprise 2014|kecelakaan dan hancur]] pada Oktober 2014.<ref name="4 May 2015 VG SS2 Construction update" /><ref name="IBT20141031" />
VSS Unity menjalani serangkaian pengujian yang disebut sebagai "[[system integration testing|Integrated Vehicle Ground Testing]]" yang dimulai pada Februari 2016.<ref name=vg20160310>
{{cite web |url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-testing-testing-1-2-3/ |title=Update from Mojave: Testing Testing 1-2-3 |publisher=Virgin Galactic |date=2016-03-10 |access-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315120901/http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-testing-testing-1-2-3/ |archive-date=2016-03-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Program uji coba penerbangan===
{{see also|VSS Enterprise#Program uji coba penerbangan}}
VSS Unity menjalani rangkaian uji coba awal yang serupa seperti VSS Enterprise. Rangkaian uji coba ini lebih pendek karena beberapa skenario uji coba lainnya sudah pernah dilakukan oleh Enterprise. Dalam setiap penerbangannya, Unity selalu dibawa oleh pesawat [[Scaled Composites White Knight Two|White Knight Two]] menuju ketinggian tertentu. Pada awal masa pengujian, Unity hanya dibawa terbang pasif di bawah sayap tengah White Knight Two (''captive carry''). Seiring berjalannya waktu, Unity mulai dilepaskan dari pesawat induknya untuk terbang ''gliding'' dan mendarat di landasan pacu. Pada tahap berikutnya, Unity terbang menggunakan mesin roketnya sendiri. Tiap tahap pengujian hanya membutuhkan 2-3 penerbangan, lebih sedikit dibandingkan 5 atau 10 penerbangan yang dilakukan oleh Enterprise.<ref name=SpaceNews-2015-10-14>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/virgin-galactic-switching-back-to-rubber-fuel-for-spaceshiptwo/ |title= SpaceShipTwo Bounces Back to Rubber Fuel |author= Jeff Foust |date= 14 October 2015 |publisher= SpaceNews }}</ref>
On 8 September 2016, Virgin Galactic commenced flight testing of ''Unity'' with a captive-carry flight.<ref name="Geekwire 2016-09-08"/>
On 1 November 2016, Virgin Galactic conducted another captive-carry flight of ''Unity'' but cancelled the glide portion of the flight because of wind speed.<ref name="space20161101">{{cite news |url=http://www.space.com/34580-virgin-galactic-attempts-spaceshiptwo-glide-test.html |title=Virgin Galactic Postpones 1st Glide Test with New SpaceShipTwo |author=Tariq Malik |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016}}</ref> On 3 November and 30 November, additional captive-carry flights took place.<ref name="inverse20161104">{{cite web|url=https://www.inverse.com/article/23203-virgin-galactic-scrubs-spaceshiptwo-glide-test-again|title=Virgin Galactic Looks to Its Next SpaceShipTwo Flight Test|work=inverse.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref name=virgingalactic110116>{{cite web |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2016/11/03/minute-scrub-spaceshiptwo-glide-flight/ |title=Last Minute Scrub of SpaceShipTwo Glide Flight |work=parabolicarc.com |date=4 November 2016 |access-date=5 November 2016 |last=Messier |first=Doug}}</ref><ref name=virgingalactic110316>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/commercial/virgin-galactic-conducts-captive-carry-flight-spaceshiptwo/ |title=Virgin Galactic conducts captive carry flight of SpaceShipTwo |date=1 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016 |work=spaceflightinsider.com}}</ref>
In July 2017, Richard Branson suggested that the craft was to begin powered tests at three-week intervals.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-05/branson-targets-space-by-mid-2018-as-virgin-begins-powered-tests |title=Branson Aims Mid-2018 Space Trip as Virgin Resumes Powered Tests |date=5 July 2017 |access-date=8 July 2017 |work=Bloomberg |first=Bruce |last=Einhorn}}</ref> In September 2017, CEO George Whitesides suggested that engine testing was complete, and that only a "small number of glide flights" remained before VSS ''Unity'' would begin powered test flights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/07/virgin-galactic-ceo-company-is-returning-to-powered-flights.html |title=Virgin Galactic is returning to powered flights, CEO says, in a crucial next step for the spaceship company |date=7 September 2017 |access-date=8 September 2017 |work=CNBC |first=Michael |last=Sheetz}}</ref> The first powered flight test took place on 5 April 2018 when a 30-second rocket firing accelerated ''Unity'' to a speed of Mach 1.87 and an altitude of {{convert|84271|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://spacenews.com/second-spaceshiptwo-performs-first-powered-test-flight/ Second SpaceShipTwo performs first powered test flight], SpaceNews, Jeff Foust, 5 April 2018</ref><ref name="Grady10Apr18">{{cite web|url = https://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/First-Supersonic-Powered-Flight-For-Virgins-Unity-230613-1.html|title = First Supersonic, Powered Flight For Virgin's Unity|access-date = 11 April 2018|last =Grady |first =Mary |work = AVweb|date = 10 April 2018}}</ref> The first powered test flight of ''Unity'' exceeded the altitude of all powered test flights of its predecessor, ''Enterprise''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/05/virgin-galactic-completes-first-rocket-powered-test-flight-since-2014/ |access-date=11 April 2018 |date=5 April 2018 |title=Virgin Galactic completes first rocket-powered test flight since 2014 |first=Stephen |last=Clark |website=spaceflightnow.com}}</ref>
[[VSS Unity VP-03]], the first [[suborbital spaceflight]] of VSS Unity was successfully completed on 13 December 2018, surpassing the {{convert|50|mi|km}} altitude considered the [[Outer space#Boundary|boundary of outer space]] by NASA and the United States Air Force.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/virgin-galactic-gets-set-spaceshiptwo-flights-aim-space-high/|title=Virgin Galactic gets set for SpaceShipTwo flights that aim for space — but how high?|date=12 December 2018|website=GeekWire|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/42725-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-unity-4th-powered-flight-twitter-updates.html|title=Virgin Galactic's 4th Powered Test Flight of SpaceShipTwo Unity in Twitter Posts|first1=Tariq|last1=Malik|first2=Space com Managing Editor |last2=December 13|first3=2018 11:30am|last3=ET|website=Space.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
Following its February 2019 flight to space, VSS Unity began to undergo modifications including installation of the commercial cabin, and changes to cockpit displays.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spacenews.com/virgin-galactic-expects-rapid-conclusion-of-spaceshiptwo-test-flights-after-downtime/ |first=Jeff |last=Foust |date=19 April 2019 |access-date=19 April 2019 |title=Virgin Galactic expects rapid conclusion of SpaceShipTwo test flights after downtime |website=spacenews.com}}</ref> Upon completion of these modifications, VSS Unity along with its carrier craft, VSS Eve, were moved to Spaceport America in New Mexico in February of 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200213005962/en/ |date=13 February 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |title=Virgin Galactic Welcomes SpaceShipTwo Unity to Spaceport America, New Mexico}}</ref> After completing two additional glide tests in New Mexico in May and June of 2020, VSS Unity underwent final modifications to the commercial cabin<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200625005869/en/ |date=25 June 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Completes Second Flight from Spaceport America}}</ref> and in July of 2020, Virgin Galactic first publicly showed the interior of the space craft.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-reveals-spaceshiptwo-cabin-interior/ |date=28 July 2020 |access-date=18 December 2020 |title=Virgin Galactic Reveals Spaceshiptwo Cabin Interior}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Penerbangan antariksa SpaceShipTwo
! style="text-align:left;" | Penerbangan
! style="text-align:left;" | Tanggal
!Hasil
! Kecepatan tertinggi
! Ketinggian
! Awak
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[VSS Unity VP-03|VSS ''Unity'' VP-03]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 13 Desember 2018
| {{Success}}
| style="text-align:right;"| Mach 2.9 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1073252317598609408|title=We travelled at 2.9 Mach on the way up to today. That's 2.9 times the speed of sound.|first=Virgin|last=Galactic|date=13 December 2018}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| {{cvt|82.72|km}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Mark P. Stucky]] dan [[Frederick W. Sturckow]]
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[VSS Unity VF-01|VSS ''Unity'' VF-01]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 22 Februari 2019
| {{Success}}
| style="text-align:right;"| Mach 3.04 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1098989513655742464|title=Mach 3.0|first=Virgin|last=Galactic|date=22 February 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;"| {{cvt|89.9|km}} <ref>[https://twitter.com/virgingalactic/status/1098997029957599232 ]{{dead link|date=December 2019}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left;" | [[David Mackay (pilot)|Dave Mackay]], [[Michael Masucci]], dan [[Beth Moses]] (penumpang)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | VSS ''Unity'' VF-02
| style="text-align:left;" | 12 Desember 2020, 16:15 UTC (dibatalkan)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virgin Galactic Update on Test Flight Program.|url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-update-on-test-flight-program/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| {{partial|Dibatalkan sebelum mesin menyala}}
| style="text-align:right;"| ?
| style="text-align:right;"| ?
| style="text-align:left;" | [[David Mackay (pilot)|Dave Mackay]] dan [[Frederick W. Sturckow]]<ref name="NSF20201212">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/|title=VSS Unity aborts after engine start, safely lands with crew back at Spaceport America|date=12 December 2020|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[VSS Unity Unity21|VSS ''Unity'' Unity 21]]
| style="text-align:left;" | 22 Mei 2021, 15:26 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
| {{Success}}
| style="text-align:right;"|Mach 3
| style="text-align:right;"| {{cvt|89.2|km}}
| style="text-align:left;" | [[David Mackay (pilot)|Dave Mackay]] dan [[Frederick W. Sturckow]]<ref name="NSF20210522">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/virgin-galactic-another-attempt-new-mexico/|title=Virgin Galactic successfully makes first human spaceflight from New Mexico|date=22 May 2021|access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[Virgin Galactic Unity 22|VSS ''Unity'' Unity 22]]
|11 Juli 2021
| {{Planned}}
| style="text-align:right;" | TBD
| style="text-align:right;" | TBD
|[[David Mackay (pilot)|David Mackay]], [[Michael Masucci]], [[Sirisha Bandla (astronaut)|Sirisha Bandla]], [[Colin Bennett (astronaut)|Colin Bennett]], [[Beth Moses]], dan [[Richard Branson|Sir Richard Branson]]
|-
|}
===Daftar seluruh penerbangan===
'''Legenda'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Kode
! Detail
|-
| GFxx
| Penerbangan ''Glide''
|-
| CCxx
| Penerbangan ''Captive Carry''
|-
| CFxx
| Penerbangan ''Cold Flow''
|-
| PFxx
| Penerbangan ditenagai roket
|-
| Fxx
| Penerbangan dengan ''feather''
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! Designasi penerbangan
! Tanggal
! Durasi
! Ketinggian tertinggi
! Top speed
! Pilot / kopilot
! Catatan
|-
| 01 / CC01
| 8 September 2016
|
| 15.2 km (50,000 ft)
|
| [[Mark P. Stucky|Stucky]] / [[David Mackay (pilot)|Mackay]]
|<ref name="flugrevue.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.flugrevue.de/raumfahrt/spaceshiptwo-beginnt-flugerprobung/698732|title=Virgin Galactic: SpaceShipTwo beginnt Flugerprobung|work=flugrevue.de|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 02 / CC02
| 1 November 2016
|
|
|
|
| Angin kencang, pesawat tidak dilepaskan dan tidak berhasil mencapai tujuan GF01<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/34580-virgin-galactic-attempts-spaceshiptwo-glide-test.html|title=Virgin Galactic Postpones 1st Glide Test with New SpaceShipTwo|work=space.com|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 03 / CC03
| 3 November 2016
|
|
|
|
|Angin kencang, pesawat tidak dilepaskan dan percobaan kedua GF01 batal<ref name=virgingalactic110116 />
|-
| 04 / CC04
| 30 November 2016
|
|
|
|
|Pengujian terhadap modifikasi minor <ref name=virgingalactic110316 />
|-
| 05 / GF01
| 3 Desember 2016
| 10 minutes<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-successful-first-glide-flight-test-for-vss-unity/|title=Update from Mojave: Successful First Glide Flight Test for VSS Unity - Virgin Galactic|date=2016-12-03|work=Virgin Galactic|access-date=2017-03-20|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513225909/http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-successful-first-glide-flight-test-for-vss-unity/|archive-date=2017-05-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 16.8km (55,000 ft)
| Mach 0.6
| Stucky / Mackay
| Penerbangan ''glide'' pertama<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krone.at/wissen/bransons-vss-unity-absolvierte-ersten-gleitflug-touristen-raumschiff-story-542661|title=Bransons "VSS Unity" absolvierte ersten Gleitflug|work=krone.at|access-date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2016-12-virgin-galactic-spaceship-glide-flight.html |access-date=5 December 2016 |date=3 December 2016 |work=phys.org |title=Virgin Galactic spaceship makes first glide flight}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/04/virgin-galactics-space-programme-moves-forward-spaceshiptwo/ |date=4 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2016 |title=Virgin Galactic's space programme moves forward as SpaceShipTwo carries out first successful glide test |author=David Millward |work=telegraph.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Technology/2016/1205/Space-tourism-Virgin-Galactic-makes-successful-glide-test |title=Space tourism: Virgin Galactic makes successful glide test |date=5 December 2016 |access-date=5 December 2015 |author=Weston Williams |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>
|-
| 06 / GF02
| 22 Desember 2016
|
|
|
| Stucky / Mackay
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2016/virgin-galactic-second-spaceshiptwo-glide/ |date=22 December 2016 |access-date=23 December 2016 |title=Virgin Galactic sneaks in just one more SpaceShipTwo glide test to cap off 2016 |first=Alan |last=Boyle |work=GeekWire}}</ref>
|-
| 07 / GF03
| 24 Februari 2017
|
|
|
| [[Frederick W. Sturckow|Sturckow]] / Mackay
| Penerbangan ''glide'' ketiga<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/35834-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-unity-3rd-glide-test.html |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Aces 3rd Glide Test Flight |first=Tariq |last=Malik |work=space.com |date=25 February 2017 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 08 / GF04
| 1 Mei 2017
|
|
|
| Stucky / Masucci
| F01<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-first-feather-flight-of-vss-unity-completed/ |title=Update from Mojave: First Feather Flight of VSS Unity Completed |date=1 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017|language=en-US|work=Virgin Galactic}}</ref>
|-
| 09 / CF01
| 1 Juni 2017
|
|
|
| Mackay / Sturckow
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/37055-virgin-galactic-space-plane-5th-glide-flight.html |title=Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Makes 5th 'Glide Flight' (Photos) |date=1 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |first=Mike |last=Wall |work=space.com}}</ref>
|-
| 10 / GF06
| 4 Agustus 2017
|
|
|
| Mackay / Sturckow
| Penerbangan pertama dengan membawa komponen propulsi penting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newatlas.com/virgin-galactic-flight-test-engine/50791/|title=Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity edges closer to space|website=newatlas.com|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unity-flies-with-propulsion-systems-installed-and-live/ |title=Update from Mojave: VSS Unity Flies with Propulsion Systems Installed and Live |date=4 August 2017 |access-date=16 August 2017|language=en-US|work=Virgin Galactic}}</ref>
|-
| 11 / GF07
| 11 Januari 2018
|
|
| Mach 0.9
| Stucky / Masucci
| <ref name=kob2018jan11>{{cite web |url=http://www.kob.com/new-mexico-news/virgin-galactic-launces-spaceship-two-test-flight/4739902/ |website=kob.com |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018 |title=SpaceShip Two test flight a success |first=Marian |last=Camacho}}</ref><ref name=engadget2018jan11>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/01/11/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-eleventh-glide-test/ |website=engadget.com |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=11 January 2018 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo is almost ready for powered tests |first=Swapna |last=Krishna}}</ref><ref name=virgin2018jan11>{{cite web |url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/update-from-mojave-vss-unity-successfully-completes-high-speed-glide-flight/ |title=Update from Mojave: VSS Unity successfully completes high speed glide flight |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=virgingalactic.com}}</ref><ref name=space2018jan11>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/39360-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-seventh-glide-flight.html |title=Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Soars on 7th Glide Flight (Photo) |date=11 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |website=space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall}}</ref>
|-
| 12 / PF01
| 5 April 2018
|
| 25.7 km (84,300 ft)
| Mach 1.87
| Stucky / Mackay
|F02<ref name=cnbc2018April5>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/05/virgin-galactic-spaceship-unity-supersonic-rocket-test-flight.html |title=Virgin Galactic completes first rocket powered, supersonic flight of new spacecraft Unity |first=Michael |last=Sheetz |date=5 April 2018 |access-date=5 April 2018 |website=cnbc.com}}</ref>
|-
| 13 / PF02
| 29 Mei 2018
|
| 34.9 km (114,501 ft)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/5/29/17404784/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-space-plane-powered-test-flight|title=The second powered flight of Virgin Galactic's spaceplane featured extra passenger seats|website=theverge.com|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spacenews.com/second-spaceshiptwo-makes-second-powered-test-flight/|title=Second SpaceShipTwo makes second powered test flight - SpaceNews.com|date=29 May 2018|website=spacenews.com|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref>
| Mach 1.9
| Mackay / Stucky
|Pengujian pertama dengan kursi penumpang. F03<ref name=spaceComCenterGravity>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/40723-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-2nd-powered-test-flight.html |title=Success! Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Space Plane Aces 2nd Powered Test Flight |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=29 May 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=space.com}}</ref>
|-
| 14 / PF03
| 26 Juli 2018
|
| 52.1 km (170,800 ft) <ref name=virgingalactic072618>{{Cite news|url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/Into-the-Mesosphere-at-Mach-2 |title=Into the Mesosphere at Mach 2 |date=26 July 2018 |work=Virgin Galactic|access-date=26 July 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
| Mach 2.47<ref name=virgingalactic072618 />
| Mackay / Masucci<ref name=geekwire072618>{{cite web|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-rocket-plane-sails-third-supersonic-flight/ |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo rocket plane sails through third supersonic flight |first=Alan |last=Boyle |date=26 July 2018 |website=geekwire.com |access-date=26 July 2018 }}</ref>
| Mencapai [[mesosfer]] untuk pertama kalinya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/41295-virgin-galactic-reaches-mesosphere-epic-test.html|title=Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity Space Plane Aces Test Flight, Reaching Mesosphere for the 1st Time|first1=Hanneke|last1=Weitering|first2=Space com Staff Writer |last2=July 26|first3=2018 03:26pm|last3=ET|website=Space.com|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[VSS Unity VP-03|15 / VP-03]]
| 13 Desember 2018
|
| 82.7 km (271,330 ft)
| Mach 2.9<ref name=verge20181213>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/12/13/18138279/virgin-galactic-vss-unity-spaceshiptwo-space-tourism |first=Lauren |last=Grush |title=Virgin Galactic's spaceplane finally makes it to space for the first time |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=13 December 2018 |website=theverge.com}}</ref>
| Stucky / Sturckow
| Mencapai [[ruang angkasa]] untuk pertama kalinya berdasarkan definisi ruang angkasa menurut Amerika Serikat.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-46550862|title=Branson's Virgin Galactic successfully reaches space|publisher=BBC|date=13 December 2018|access-date=13 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[VSS Unity VF-01|16 / VF-01]]
| 22 Februari 2019
|
| 89.9 km (295,007 ft) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactic-makes-space-for-second-time-in-ten-weeks-with-three-on-board/|title=Virgin Galactic|website=www.virgingalactic.com|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-powered-flight-february-2019.html |first=Meghan |last=Bartels |title=Virgin Galactic Reaches Space Again, Flies Test Passenger for 1st Time |date=22 February 2019 |access-date=22 February 2018 |work=space.com}}</ref>
| Mach 3.04 <ref name=":0" />
| Mackay / Masucci / [[Beth Moses|Moses]]<ref name=":0" />
| Membawa seorang penumpang (1 di kabin penumpang) untuk pertama kalinya<ref name=":0" />
|-
| 17 / GF08
| 1 Mei 2020
|
| 15.24 km (50,000 ft) <ref name="galacticmay2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-first-flight-from-spaceport-america/|title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes First Flight From Spaceport America|website=www.virgingalactic.com|access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref>
| Mach 0.7 <ref name="galacticmay2020" />
| Mackay / Sturckow <ref name="galacticmay2020" />
| Penerbangan pertama dari negara bagian New Mexico <ref name="galacticmay2020" />
|-
| 18 / GF09
| 25 Juni 2020
|
| 15.54 km (51,000 ft) <ref name="galacticjune2020">{{Cite web|url=https://www.virgingalactic.com/articles/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-completes-second-flight-from-spaceport-america/|title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceshipTwo Completes Second Flight From Spaceport America|website=www.virgingalactic.com|access-date=2020-06-25}}</ref>
| Mach 0.85 <ref name="galacticjune2020" />
| Stucky / Masucci <ref name="galacticjune2020" />
|
|-
| 19
| 12 Desember 2020
|
|
|
| Mackay / Sturckow
| Percobaan penerbangan pertama dari New Mexico. Dibatalkan karena malfungsi komputer. Mesin sempat menyala, tetapi dimatikan secara otomatis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/new-mexico-joins-human-spaceflight-with-unity-flight/|title=VSS Unity aborts after engine start, safely lands with crew back at Spaceport America|first1=Chris|last1=Gebhardt|first2=Thomas|last2=Burghardt|date=12 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 21 / [[VSS Unity Unity21|VF-]]03
| 22 Mei 2021
|
| 89.23 km (55.45 mi)
|
| Mackay / Sturckow
|Penerbangan antariksa pertama dari New Mexico<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57214988 |title=Virgin Galactic rocket plane flies to edge of space |date=22 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 22
| Paling cepat 11 Juli 2021
|
|
|
|
|Rencananya menjadi penerbangan antariksa berawak penuh pertama. Penerbangan ini juga akan ditumpangi oleh Richard Branson.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/virgin-galactic-richard-branson-vss-unity-flight |title=Virgin Galactic says it will launch Richard Branson to space on July 11 |date=2 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}
==Lihat pula==
{{commons category|VSS Unity}}
* [[Pariwisata antariksa]]
*[[New Shepard]]
==Referensi==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Virgin Galactic}}
{{Scaled Composites}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vss Unity}}
[[Kategori:Virgin Galactic]]
[[Kategori:Wahana antariksa berawak]]
| |||