Regweda: Perbedaan antara revisi

{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Hindu]]|image=[[File:Four vedas.jpg|Four vedas|280px]]|alt=Weda yang Empat|language=[[Bahasa Weda]]|caption=Empat Kitab Suci Weda|period=[[Wiktionary:circa|kr.]] 1500{{ndash}}1000&nbsp;SM{{refn|group=notecatatan|name="dating"}}|chapters=10 mandala|sutras=|verses=10.552 mantra<ref>https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true</ref>}}{{Sastra Hindu}}

Regweda merupakan kitab suci tertua yang tercatat ditulis dalam bahasa Weda,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie W. Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|year=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ|title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|page=3}}</ref> serta merupakan salah satu teks tertua dalam sejarah [[rumpun bahasa Indo-Eropa]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Edwin F. Bryant|year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yivABQAAQBAJ&pg=PT565|title=The Yoga Sutras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation, and Commentary|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|isbn=978-1-4299-9598-6|pages=565{{ndash}}566}}</ref>{{refn|According to Edgar Polome, the Hittite language [[Anitta]] text from the 17th century BCE is older. This text is about the conquest of Kanesh city of Anatolia, and mentions the same Indo-European gods as in the ''Rigveda''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Edgar Polome|editor=Per Sture Ureland|title=Entstehung von Sprachen und Völkern: glotto- und ethnogenetische Aspekte europäischer Sprachen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9su8E8eOsgC&pg=PA51|year=2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-163373-2|page=51}}</ref>|group=notecatatan}} Secara lisan nyanyian dan teks Regweda telah diwariskan turun-temurun sejak milenium kedua SM.{{sfn|Wood|2007}}{{sfn|Hexam|2011|p=chapter 8}}{{sfn|Dwyer|2013}} Bukti [[filologi]] dan [[linguistik]] menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar ''Regweda'' Samhita dibuat di barat laut [[anak benua India]] kemungkinan antara {{circa}} 1500 dan 1000&nbsp;SM,{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}{{sfn|Witzel|2019|p=11|ps=: "Incidentally, the Indo-Aryan loanwords in Mitanni confirm the date of the ''Rig Veda'' for ca. 1200–1000 BCE. The ''Rig Veda'' is a late Bronze age text, thus from before 1000 BCE. However, the Mitanni words have a form of Indo-Aryan that is slightly older than that ... Clearly the ''Rig Veda'' cannot be older than ca. 1400, and taking into account a period needed for linguistic change, it may not be much older than ca. 1200 BCE."}} meski ada perkiraan yang lebih luas, {{circa}} 1900{{ndash}}1200&nbsp;SM.<ref name="Oberlies 1998 p. 158">Oberlies 1998 p. 158</ref><ref name="Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman 2014 179">{{cite book|author=Lucas F. Johnston, Whitney Bauman|year=2014|title=Science and Religion: One Planet, Many Possibilities|publisher=Routledge|page=179}}</ref>{{refn|group=notecatatan|name="dating"}}

and [[Upanishads]] (partly excerpted from the Aranyakas: ''Bahvrca-brahmana-upanishad'', [[Aitareya Upanishad|Aitareya-upanishad]], ''Samhita-upanishad'', ''[[Kaushitaki Upanishad|Kaushitaki-upanishad]]'').|group=notecatatan}} ''Samhita'' adalah inti teks, dan terdiri atas 10 kitab (''mandala'') dengan 1.028 ''{{IAST|sūkta}}'' dalam jumlah 10.600 ayat (yang disebut ''{{IAST|ṛc}}'', eponim dari nama ''Regweda''). Dalam kitab ke-8 hingga ke-9, yang dibuat paling tua, nyanyian tersebut memuat [[Kosmologi Hindu|kosmologi]] dan memuja dewa-dewi.<ref>Werner, Karel (1994). ''A Popular Dictionary of Hinduism''. Curzon Press. {{ISBN|0-7007-1049-3}}.</ref><ref name="jamisonbrereton" /> Kitab 1 dan 10 yang lebih akhir dibuat berisi pertanyaan filsafat dan spekulasi,<ref name="jamisonbrereton" /> ''[[dāna]]'' dalam kemasyarakatan,<ref name="chatterjee3">C Chatterjee (1995), [http://jhv.sagepub.com/content/1/1/3.short Values in the Indian Ethos: An Overview], Journal of Human Values, Vol 1, No 1, pp. 3{{ndash}}12;

{{Reflist|group=notecatatan|35em|refs=<!-- D -->

{{refn|group=note|name="dating"|ItDipastikan isbahwa certainnyanyian thatRegweda theberasal hymnsdari ofmasa-masa thepemisahan Rig Veda post-datebahasa [[Proto-Indo-IranianIran|Indo-IranianIran]] separationkira-kira of ca.tahun 2000&nbsp;BCESM anddan probablymungkin thatberkaitan ofdengan thedokumen relevantKerajaan Mitanni documentspada ofkira-kira {{circa}} 1400&nbsp;BCESM. Filolog Philologicalmemperkirakan estimatesnaskah tendtersebut toberasal datedari theparuh bulkkedua ofmilenium the text to the second half of the second millenniumke-2:

* [[Max Müller]]: "thenyanyian hymnsRegweda ofdiduga theberasal Rig-Veda are said to date fromdari 1500 B.C.SM"{{sfn|Müller|1892}}

* The [[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|EIEC]] (s.v.bagian [[Indo-Iranian languages]], phlm. 306) givesmenyebut 1500{{ndash}}1000&nbsp;BCE.

* Flood anddan Witzel bothjuga mentionmenyebut {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1200&nbsp;BCESM.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=37}}{{sfn|Witzel|1995|p=4}}

* Anthony mentionsmenyebut {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1300&nbsp;BCESM.{{sfn|Anthony|2007|p=454}}

* Thomas Oberlies (''Die Religion des Rgveda'', 1998, p. 158) based onberdasarkan 'cumulativebukti evidencekumulatif' setsmenetapkan arentang wideyang rangelebih ofluas, antara 1700{{ndash}}1100&nbsp;BCESM.{{sfn|Oberlies|1998|p=158}} {{harvnb|Oberlies|1998|p=155}} gives an estimate ofmemperkirakan 1100&nbsp;BCE forSM theuntuk youngestnyanyian hymnstermuda indi bookMandala 10.{{sfn|Oberlies|1998|p=155}}

* {{harvnb|Witzel|1995|p=4}} mentionsmenyebut {{circa}} 1500{{ndash}}1200&nbsp;BCE. According toMenurut {{harvnb|Witzel|1997|p=263}}, the whole Rig Vedicperiode periodRegweda may have lasted from c. 1900&nbsp;BCE to c. 1200&nbsp;BCE: "the bulk of the RV represents only 5 or 6 generations of kings (and of the contemporary poets)24 of the Pūru and Bharata tribes. It contains little else before and after this “snapshot” view of contemporary Rgvedic history, as reported by these contemporary “tape recordings.” On the other hand, the whole Rgvedic period may have lasted even up to 700 years, from the infiltration of the Indo-Aryans into the subcontinent, c. 1900&nbsp;B.C. (at the utmost, the time of collapse of the Indus civilization), up to c. 1200&nbsp;B.C., the time of the introduction of iron which is first mentioned in the clearly post-gvedic hymns of the Atharvaveda."}}}}