Taliban: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
ideologi |
Diospectre (bicara | kontrib) k Conspiracy theory and speculation removal (lack of accuracy). Infobox renewal to date. |
||
Baris 4:
|image = [[Berkas:Flag of Taliban.svg|tepi|260px]]
|caption = Bendera Taliban berlatar belakang warna putih dengan tulisan [[syahadat]]
|leaders = {{plainlist|
* [[Mohammed Omar]] (pendiri, 1994–2013)
* [[Abdul Ghani Baradar]] (pendiri lain)
* [[Akhtar Mansour]]{{KIA}} (2015–2016)
* [[Hibatullah Akhundzada]] (2016–sekarang)
* [[Muhammad Rasul]] (faksi pecahan, 2015–sekarang)
}}
|clans =Kebanyakan [[Pashtuns]];<ref name="Giustozzi">{{cite book|last=Giustozzi|first=Antonio|title=Decoding the new Taliban: insights from the Afghan field|year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70112-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/decodingnewtalib00anto/page/249 249]|url=https://archive.org/details/decodingnewtalib00anto/page/249}}</ref><ref name="Clements0">{{cite book|last=Clements|first=Frank A.|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: An Encyclopedia (Roots of Modern Conflict)|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|page=219}}</ref> beberapa [[Tajiks]] di Utara Afganistan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/the-non-pashtun-taleban-of-the-north-a-case-study-from-badakhshan/|title=The Non-Pashtun Taleban of the North: A case study from Badakhshan – Afghanistan Analysts Network|website=www.Afghanistan-Analysts.org|date=3 January 2017|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
|ideology = * [[Islamisme]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Islamism and Totalitarianism: Similarities and Differences|first=Michael|last=Whine|date=1 September 2001|journal=Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions|volume=2|issue=2|pages=54–72|doi=10.1080/714005450|s2cid=146940668}}</ref>
* [[Deobandi]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/347009|title=Did you know that there are two different Taliban groups?|date=1 April 2013|website=www.digitaljournal.com}}</ref><ref>Deobandi Islam: The Religion of the Taliban U. S. Navy Chaplain Corps, 15 October 2001</ref><ref name="Maley2-14">{{cite book|last=Maley|first=William|title=Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban|year=2001|publisher=C Hurst & Co|isbn=978-1-85065-360-8|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0895|title=Taliban - Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com}}</ref>
* [[Pashtunwali]]<ref name="digitaljournal.com"/><ref>Rashid, ''Taliban'' (2000)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://csis.org/blog/why-are-customary-pashtun-laws-and-ethics-causes-concern |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101109110349/http://csis.org/blog/why-are-customary-pashtun-laws-and-ethics-causes-concern |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2010 |title=Why are Customary Pashtun Laws and Ethics Causes for Concern? | Center for Strategic and International Studies |publisher=Csis.org |date=19 October 2010 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cf2r.org/fr/tribune-libre/understanding-taliban-through-the-prism-of-pashtunwali-code.php |title=Understanding taliban through the prism of Pashtunwali code |publisher=CF2R |date=30 November 2013 |access-date=18 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810020924/http://www.cf2r.org/fr/tribune-libre/understanding-taliban-through-the-prism-of-pashtunwali-code.php |archive-date=10 August 2014 }}</ref>
|active = 1994–1996 ([[milisi]])<br />1996–2001 (pemerintahan)<br />
|headquarters =[[Kandahar]], [[Afganistan]] (1994–2001)
|area = [[Afganistan]] dan [[Pakistan]]<ref name="PakistanTaliban">Pajhwok Afghan News, [http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lng=eng&id=36208 Taliban have opened office in Waziristan (Pakistan)].</ref>
|strength = 45,000 (2001 est.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa092801a.htm|title=Taliban and the Northern Alliance|publisher=Usgovinfo.about.com|date=|accessdate=2009-11-26}}</ref><br />11,000 (2008 est.)<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/mcclatchy/20080910/wl_mcclatchy/3041862 9/11 seven years later: U.S. 'safe,' South Asia in turmoil] ''"There are now some 62,000 foreign soldiers in Afganistan , including 34,000 U.S. troops, and some 150,000 Afghan security forces. '''They face an estimated 7,000 to 11,000 insurgents''', according to U.S. commanders."''</ref><br /> 36,000 (2010 est.)<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7047321.ece|location=London|work=The Times|title=MajorGeneral Richard Barrons puts Taleban fighter numbers at 36000|date=2010-03-03|first1=Fiona|last1=Hamilton|first2=Sam|last2=Coates|first3=Michael|last3=Savage}}</ref>
|previous = Murid dari [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam]]
|allies ='''Negara Sekutu''' {{plainlist|
* {{flag|Pakistan}} (sampai 2001, tertuduh saat ini, ditolak)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/367|title=The Taliban – Mapping Militant Organizations|website=web.stanford.edu|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[New York Times]]|title=Taliban Leader Feared Pakistan Before He Was Killed
|international = [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Pakistan]], [[United Arab Emirates]] (before [[September 11 attacks|11 September attacks]])▼
|date=9 August 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/09/world/asia/taliban-leader-feared-pakistan-before-he-was-killed.html}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar's Dirty Hands|url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/450093/qatar-supports-islamists-threatens-american-middle-east-allies|date=3 August 2017|work=[[National Review]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Pajhwok Afghan News]]|date=7 August 2017|url=https://www.pajhwok.com/en/2017/08/07/saudi-has-evidence-qatar-supports-taliban-envoy|title=Saudi has evidence Qatar supports Taliban: Envoy}}</ref><ref name="Scroll"/>
* {{flag|Iran}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Middle East Institute]]|title=Iranian Support for Taliban Alarms Afghan Officials|date=9 January 2017|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/iranian-support-taliban-alarms-afghan-officials|quote=Both Tehran and the Taliban denied cooperation during the first decade after the US intervention, but the unholy alliance is no longer a secret and the two sides now unapologetically admit and publicize it.}}</ref><ref name="mansouriran"/><ref>{{cite web| title =Iran Backs Taliban With Cash and Arms| url =https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-backs-taliban-with-cash-and-arms-1434065528| website = The Wall Street Journal | date = 11 June 2015| access-date = 13 June 2015}}</ref>
* {{flag|Cina}} (tertuduh)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/08/03/chinas-man-in-the-taliban-mullah-omar/ |title=China's Man in the Taliban |last=Small |first=Andrew |date=23 August 2015 |work=[[Foreign Policy]] Argument |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6975934.stm |title=Taleban 'getting Chinese arms' |last=Danahar |first=Paul |date=3 September 2007 |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=26 July 2019}}</ref>
* {{flag|Rusia}} (tertuduh oleh Amerika Serikat, ditolak)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41842285|title=Is Russia arming the Afghan Taliban?|work=BBC News|date=April 2018}}</ref>
* {{flag|Arab Saudi}} (tertuduh sampai 2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/whats-behind-saudi-arabias-turn-away-from-the-taliban/|title=What's Behind Saudi Arabia's Turn Away From the Taliban?|first=Samuel Ramani, The|last=Diplomat|website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref name="Scroll">{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/862284/why-did-saudi-arabia-and-qatar-allies-of-the-us-continue-to-fund-the-taliban-after-the-2001-war|title=Why did Saudi Arabia and Qatar, allies of the US, continue to fund the Taliban after the 2001 war?|work=scroll.in|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
'''Sekutu Bukan Negara''' {{plainlist|
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[Jaringan Haqqani]]
* [[File:Flag of al-Qaeda.svg|25px]] [[al-Qaeda]]
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Lashkar-e-Taiba.svg}} [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref name="advances" />
*{{flagicon image|Jaishi-e-Mohammed.svg}} [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref name="advances" />
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen]]<ref name="advances" />
* [[File:Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg|25px]] [[Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan]] (2004–2007, 2009, sejak 2017)<ref name="rediff Baitullah Mehsud Taliban governor">{{cite web |last1=Shehzad |first1=Mohammad |title=Why is the Pakistan army scared of this man? |url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |website=in.rediff.com |publisher=[[rediff]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216105921/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/10pspec.htm |archive-date=16 December 2007 |date=10 March 2006 |quote=[[Baitullah Mehsud|Baitullah]] was appointed as [[Mullah Omar]]'s governor of the Mehsud tribe in a special ceremony attended by five leading Taliban commanders}}</ref><ref name="nyt - 3/26/2009 - pakistan and afghan taliban close ranks">{{cite web |last1=Gall |first1=Carlotta |title=Pakistan and Afghan Taliban Close Ranks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/asia/27taliban.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |date=26 March 2009 |quote=The Afghan Taliban delegation urged the Pakistani Taliban leaders to settle their internal differences, scale down their activities in Pakistan and help counter the planned increase of American forces in Afghanistan, the fighters said.}}</ref><ref name="PIPS Noor Wali Mehsud">{{cite web |last1=Zahid |first1=Farhan |title=Profile of New TTP Chief Mufti Noor Wali Mehsud: Challenges and Implications |url=https://www.pakpips.com/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Profile-of-New-TTP-Chief-Mufti-Noor-Wali-Mehsud-Challenges-and-Implications.pdf |website=pakpips.com |publisher=Pak Institute for Peace Studies |access-date=14 December 2020 |location=Islamabad, Pakistan |page=4 |date=15 April 2019 |quote=According to Mehsud, the real jihad is against US forces in occupied Afghanistan to restore the Islamic Emirate while using tribal areas of Pakistan as base of operations and safe haven for both Taliban and Al-Qaeda. He further explains the goals and aims of the jihadi movement as: maintaining the independent status for Mehsud tribe, defeating the US in Afghanistan, establishing caliphate in Afghanistan}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Tnsm-flag.svg|25px}} [[Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi]]
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbi Islami Gulbuddin.svg|25px}} [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Afghan militant fighters 'may join Islamic State'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29009125 |work=BBC News|date=2 September 2014|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> <small>(sampai 2016)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/09/afghanistan-ghani-hekmatyar-sign-peace-deal-160929092524754.html |title=Afghanistan: Ghani, Hekmatyar sign peace deal|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=29 September 2016}}</ref>
* [[File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|25px]] [[Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan]] <small>(faksi anti-[[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|ISIL]])</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.dw.com/en/why-central-asian-states-want-peace-with-the-taliban/a-43150911|title=Why Central Asian states want peace with the Taliban|date=27 March 2018|work=DW News|quote="Taliban have assured Russia and Central Asian countries that it would not allow any group, including the IMU, to use Afghan soil against any foreign state," Muzhdah said.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/06/islamic-movement-of-uzbekistan-faction-emerges-after-groups-collapse.php|title=Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan faction emerges after group's collapse|work=Long War Journal|first1=Bill|last1=Roggio|first2=Caleb|last2=Weiss|date=14 June 2016|access-date=6 August 2017}}</ref>
}}
▲|international = [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Pakistan]], [[United Arab Emirates]] (
|opponents = '''Negara Lawan'''{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Afghanistan}} [[Afganistan]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-25922743 |title=Rare look at Afghan National Army's Taliban fight |work=BBC News |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>
* {{flag|India}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://carnegieindia.org/2020/06/02/dealing-with-taliban-india-s-strategy-in-afghanistan-after-u.s.-withdrawal-pub-81951|title=Dealing With the Taliban: India’s Strategy in Afghanistan After U.S. Withdrawal|publisher=Carnegie India |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>
* {{flag|Amerika Serikat}}
* {{flag|Britania Raya}}
* {{flag|NATO}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/12/20121224051624851.html |title=Taliban attack NATO base in Afghanistan – Central & South Asia |publisher=Al Jazeera English |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the International Security Assistance Force.svg}} [[International Security Assistance Force|ISAF]]}}
'''Lawan Bukan Negara''' {{plainlist|
* {{flagdeco|ISIL}} [[Negara Islam Irak dan Syam|NIIS]] - Propinsi Khorasan<ref>{{cite web|title=ISIS reportedly moves into Afghanistan, is even fighting Taliban |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |date=12 January 2015 |access-date=27 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213191753/http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html |archive-date=13 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =ISIS, Taliban announced Jihad against each other| url =http://www.khaama.com/isis-taliban-announced-jihad-against-each-other-3206| website = Khaama Press| date = 20 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Taliban leader: allegiance to ISIS 'haram'| url =http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/130420151| website = Rudaw| date = 13 April 2015| access-date = 23 April 2015 }}</ref>
* [[File:AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg|25px]] [[Gerakan Islam Uzbekistan]] <small>(faksi pendukung [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]])</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2019/05/05/taliban-say-gap-narrowing-in-talks-with-us-over-afghanistan-troop-withdrawal/|title=Taliban say gap narrowing in talks with US over Afghanistan troop withdrawal|date=5 May 2019|work=Military Times}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg|25px}} [[Jamiat-e Islami]]<ref name="theguardian.com">{{cite web| title =Afghanistan's warlord vice-president spoiling for a fight with the Taliban| url =https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/04/afghan-vice-president-militia-taliban-general-dostum| website = The Guardian| date = 4 August 2015}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image||25px}} [[Gerakan Islam Nasional Afganistan|Junbish-i-Milli]]<ref name="theguardian.com"/>
* {{flagicon image|flag of Hezbe Wahdat.svg|25px}} [[Hezbe Wahdat]]<ref>Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. "Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban", ''Crisis States Working Papers'' (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE</ref>}}
}}
Baris 26 ⟶ 63:
Anggota-anggota paling berpengaruh dari Taliban, termasuk Mullah [[Mohammed Omar]], pemimpin gerakan ini, adalah [[mullah]] desa (pelajar yunior agama Islam), yang sebagian besar belajar di [[madrasah]] di [[Pakistan]]. Gerakan ini terutama berasal dari Pashtun di Afganistan, serta [[Provinsi Perbatasan Barat Laut]] (''North-West Frontier Province'', NWFP) di Pakistan, dan juga mencakup banyak sukarelawan dari [[Bangsa Arab|Arab]], [[Eurasia]], serta [[Asia Selatan]].
Pemerintahan Taliban digulingkan oleh Amerika Serikat karena dituduh melindungi pemimpin [[Al Qaeda]] Osama Bin Laden yang juga dituduh Washington mendalangi serangan terhadap menara kembar WTC, New York pada tanggal 11 September 2001 bekerja sama dengan kubu Aliansi Utara.<ref name="abad 20" /> Invasi ini dimulai pada bulan Oktober sampai dengan bulan November 2001 dengan secara mengejutkan sehingga pihak Taliban langsung keluar dari ibu kota Afganistan, Kabul sehingga pihak Amerika relatif cepat dan mudah menguasainya.
== Referensi ==
| |||