Kerusuhan Ürümqi Juli 2009: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Pada permulaan abad ke-19, 40 tahun sebagai penaklukan kembali Qing, terdapat sekitar 155.000 Han dan Tionghoa Hui di utara Xinjiang dan sempat lebih dari dua kali lipat dari jumlah Uighur di selatan Xinjiang.<ref>Millward, James A. (2007). ''Eurasian crossroads: A history of Xinjiang''. ISBN 978-0-231-13924-3. p. 306</ref> Sebuah sensus Xinjiang di bawah kekuasaan Qing pada awal abad ke-19 menyatakan bahwa pembagian etnis pada populasi terdiri dari 30% [[Tionghoa Han|Han]] dan 60% [[suku bangsa Turkic|Turkic]], sementara secara tajam berubah menjadi 6% Han dan 75% Uighur dalam sensus 1953, tetapi keadaan sama pada demografi era Qing kembali terjadi pada tahun 2000 dimana Han meliputi 40,57% dan Uighur meliputi 45,21%.<ref name="ddx">{{cite journal |url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf |title=Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949 |first=Stanley |last=Toops |date=May 2004 |page=1 |issue=1 |periodical=East-West Center Washington Working Papers |publisher=[[East–West Center]] |journal= |access-date=2016-09-21 |archive-date=2007-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070716193518/http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/EWCWwp001.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Profesor Stanley W. Toops menyatakan bahwa kadaan demografi saat ini mirip dengan awal periode Qing di Xinjiang. Di utara Xinjiang, Qing membawa kolonis-kolonis Han, Hui, Uighur, Xibe, dan Kazakh setelah mereka [[genosida Zunghar|menumpas Mongol Zunghar Oirat]] di wilayah tersebut, dimana sepertiga populasi Xinjiang meliputi Hui dan Han di bagian utara, sementara sekitar dua per tiga Uighur di Cekungan Tarim, selatan Xinjiang.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA243#v=onepage&q&f=false ed. Starr 2004], p. 243.</ref>
Meskipun kebijakan minoritas RRT saat ini, yang berdasarkan pada [[aksi afirmatif di Tiongkok|aksi-aksi afirmatif]], menganggap identitas etnis Uighur berbeda dari penduduk Han,<ref name=bovingdon4>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | page=4 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref name=dillon51/> beberapa cendekiawan menyatakan bahwa Beijing secara tak resmi menerapkan model satu budaya dan satu bahasa yang berdasarkan pada penduduk mayoritas.<ref name="Gladney">{{Cite book | chapter=The Chinese Program of Development and Control, 1978–2001 | last=Gladney | first=Dru C. | year=2004<!--Book published in 2004, but this particular chapter was written in 2001--> | title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland | url=https://archive.org/details/xinjiangchinasmu00star | editor=S. Frederick Starr | publisher=M.E. Sharpe | isbn=978-0-7656-1318-9 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/xinjiangchinasmu00star/page/n66 112]–114 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref name=Dwyer>{{Cite book | title=The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur Identity, Language Policy, and Political Discourse | last=Dwyer | first=Arienne | series=Political Studies 15 | publisher=East-West Center | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-29-5 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | page=2 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Otoritas juga menunda segala aktivitas yang dianggap menimbulkan perpecahan negara.<ref name=dillon51>{{Cite book | title=Xinjiang – China's Muslim Far Northwest | last=Dillon | first=Michael | year=2004 | publisher=RoutledgeCurzon | isbn=0-415-32051-8 | page=51 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref name=bovingdon19>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | page=19 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> Kebijakan tersebut, selain untuk perbedaan budaya berjangka panjang,<ref name=cecChina>{{cite web | url=http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | publisher=Congressional-Executive Commission on China | date=1 October 2005 | accessdate=6 May 2010 | title=China's Minorities and Government Implementation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomy Law | quote=[Uyghurs] live in cohesive communities largely separated from Han Chinese, practice major world religions, have their own written scripts, and have supporters outside of China. Relations between these minorities and Han Chinese have been strained for centuries. | archive-date=2010-04-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407172630/http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/2005_3a_minorities.php | dead-url=yes }}</ref> terkadang mengakibatkan "gerakan" antara warga negara Uighur dan Han.<ref name=sautman35>{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf| last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | page=35 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> Di satu sisi, sebagai akibat dari imigrasi Han dan kebijakan pemerintah, kebebasan beragama dan gerakan Uighur menjadi terbatasi,<ref name=mooreblog>{{cite news | url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/ | title=Urumqi riots signal dark days ahead | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=7 July 2009 | last=Moore | first=Malcolm | location=London | archive-date=2012-10-04 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004092133/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/malcolmmoore/100002509/urumqi-riots-signal-dark-days-ahead/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=bovingdon34_35>{{Cite book | last=Bovingdon | first=Gardner | title=Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalist imperatives and Uyghur discontent | publisher=East-West Center | series=Political Studies 15 | url=http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS011.pdf | location=Washington | year=2005 | isbn=1-932728-20-1 | pages=34–5 | postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> sementara sebagian besar Uighur menganggap bahwa pemerintah telah sengaja merendahkan budaya tradisional dan sejarah mereka.<ref name="Gladney" /> Di sisi lain, beberapa warga Han memandang Uighur menikmati hak-hak istimewa, seperti diijinkan untuk masuk universitas-universitas dan dikecualikan dari [[kebijakan satu anak]],<ref name=sautman29>{{Cite journal | url = http://repository.ust.hk/dspace/bitstream/1783.1/1152/1/sosc32.pdf| last=Sautman | first=Barry | year=1997 | title=Preferential policies for ethnic minorities in China: The case of Xinjiang | publisher=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology | journal=Working Papers in the Social Sciences | issue=32 | accessdate = 6 May 2010 | pages=29–31 | postscript = <!--None-->}}</ref> dan sebagai "tempat berlabuhnya aspirasi-aspirasi separatis".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/608f0f80-6cac-11de-af56-00144feabdc0.html |work=Financial Times |title=Uighur riots show need for rethink by Beijing |first=Minxin |last=Pei |date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | quote=Han Chinese view the Uighurs as harbouring separatist aspirations and being disloyal and ungrateful, in spite of preferential policies for ethnic minority groups.}}</ref>
Ketegangan antara Uighur dan Han telah mengakibatkan gelombang-gelombang protes pada tahun-tahun terkini.<ref name=Hierman>{{cite journal | doi=10.2753/PPC1075-8216540304 | last=Hierman | first=Brent | title=The Pacification of Xinjiang: Uighur Protest and the Chinese State, 1988–2002 | journal=Problems of Post-Communism | year=2007 | volume=54 | issue=3 | pages=48–62}}</ref> Xinjiang telah menjadi tempat beberapa perpecahan etnis dan kekerasan, seperti [[Insiden Ghulja]] 1997, [[serangan Kashgar 2008]], [[ketegangan Uighur 2008|merebaknya ketegangan]] sebelum [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Permainan Olimpiade di Beijing]], serta sejumlah serangan kecil.<ref name=CACI>{{cite web | publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute Analyst | url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node/364 | date=16 February 2000 | accessdate=29 January 2010 | last=Rudelson | first=Justin Ben-Adam | title=Uyghur "separatism": China's policies in Xinjiang fuel dissent | archive-date=2012-02-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229150459/http://www.cacianalyst.org/newsite/newsite/?q=node%2F364 | dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name=Gunaratna>{{cite journal | last=Gunaratna | first=Rohan | authorlink=Rohan Gunaratna | page=59 | last2=Pereire | first2=Kenneth George | year=2006 | title=An al-Qaeda associate group operating in China? | volume=4 | issue=2 | journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly | url=http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf | quote=Since [the Ghulja incident], numerous attacks including attacks on buses, clashes between ETIM militants and Chinese security forces, assassination attempts, attempts to attack Chinese key installations and government buildings have taken place, though many cases go unreported. | access-date=2016-09-21 | archive-date=2011-01-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106144335/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/GunaratnaPereire.pdf | dead-url=yes }}</ref>
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=== Setelah 5 Juli ===
Kota tersebut masih tegang saat para jurnalis yang diundang ke kota tersebut menyaksikan adegan konfrontasi antara pasukan Tiongkok dan Uighur yang menuntut pembebasan para anggota keluarga yang mereka katakan ditangkap "secara semena-mena".<ref name=times-escalates>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/china/article6655225.ece |title=Riot police battle protesters as China's Uighur crisis escalates |first=Jane |last=Macartney |work=The Times |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Wanita Uighur berkata kepada wartawan ''The Daily Telegraph'' bahwa polisi memasukki distrik-distrik Uighur pada malam 6 Juli, mendobrak pintu-pintu, membangunkan para pria dan pemuda dari kasur mereka, dan membariskan 100 terdakwa.<ref name="dt5769839">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5769839/Eyewtiness-tensions-high-on-the-streets-of-Urumqi.html |title=Eyewitness: tensions high on the streets of Urumqi |first=Peter |last=Foster |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Pada 7 Juli, para perwira mengabarkan bahwa 1.434 terdakwa perusuh telah ditangkap.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/07/content_11664739.htm |title=Police arrests 1.434 suspects in connection with Xinjiang riot |agency=Xinhua | publisher=Chinaview.cn |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=12 July 2009}}</ref> Sekelompok 200 sampai 300 wanita Uighur pada 7 Juli melakukan protes terdapat apa yang mereka anggap perlakuan "mendiskriminasi" terhadap pria Uighur; protes tersebut berujung pada ketegangan namun tanpa kekerasan dengan pasukan polisi.<ref name=womensprotest>{{cite news | work=The Daily Telegraph | date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5764906/China-riots-300-Uighurs-stage-fresh-protest-in-Urumqi.html | title=China riots: 300 Uighurs stage fresh protest in Urumqi | last=Foster | first=Peter | location=London}}</ref><ref name=Fosterpolice>{{cite news | work=The Daily Telegraph | last=Foster | first=Peter | date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=4 September 2009 | title=Urumqi: criticism and credit for the Chinese police | url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peterfoster/100002643/urumqi-criticism-and-credit-for-the-chinese-police/ | location=London | archive-date=2011-10-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026013753/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peterfoster/100002643/urumqi-criticism-and-credit-for-the-chinese-police/ | dead-url=yes }}</ref> Rebiya Kadeer mengklaim bahwa "sekitar 10,000 orang" telah menghilang pada sepanjang malam.<ref name=Reut20090729>{{cite news | last=Fujioka | first=Chisa | date=29 July 2009 | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/29/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56S1O020090729 | title=Uighur leader says 10,000 went missing in one night | publisher=Reuters | accessdate=24 April 2011 | archive-date=2014-12-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220154215/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/29/us-china-xinjiang-idUSTRE56S1O020090729 | dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) kemudian mendokumentasikan 43 kasus pria Uighur yang menghilang setelah dibawa oleh pasukan keamanan Tiongkok dalam pembersihan berskala besar di wilayah-wilayah Uighur sepanjang malam 6–7 Juli,<ref name=afraidtoevenlook/> dan berkata bahwa peristiwa tersebut merupakan "ujung gunung es";<ref name=BBC8317644/> HRW menuduh bahwa kaum muda, yang sebagian besar berusia 20an tahun, ditangkap tanpa diadili dan tidak terlihat atau terdengar dari 20 Oktober 2009<ref name=afraidtoevenlook/>
Pada 7 Juli, terdapat unjuk rasa bersenjata berskala besar<ref name=bno>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8137824.stm | title=Riots engulf Chinese Uighur city| publisher=BBC News| date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> oleh etnis Han di Ürümqi.<ref name=telegraphmob>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/5766327/Han-Chinese-mob-takes-to-the-streets-in-Urumqi-in-hunt-for-Uighur-Muslims.html |title=Han Chinese mob takes to the streets in Urumqi in hunt for Uighur Muslims |work=The Daily Telegraph | last=Foster | first=Peter |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Perkiraan jumlah demonstrator Han yang dilaporkan media barat beragam dari "ratusan"<ref name=bno/> sampai yang paling tinggi 10.000.<ref name=telegraphmob/> ''The Times'' mengabarkan bahwa pertikaian kecil kemudian pecah antara Uighur dan Han, dan bahwa kelompok warga Han berniat untuk membalas "perlakuan Uighur".<ref name=times-escalates/><ref name=telegraphmob/> Kepolisian menggunakan gas air mata dan blok-blok jalan dalam upaya meredakan unjuk rasa,<ref name=rte>{{cite news |url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0707/china.html |title=Curfew in Chinese city of Urumqi |publisher=[[RTÉ]] |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> dan berkata kepada warga Han melalui pengeras suara untuk "tenang" dan "biarkan polisi melakukan pekerjaannya".<ref name=telegraphmob/> [[Li Zhi (pejabat)|Li Zhi]], [[ketua partai PKT|ketua partai]] Ürümqi, berdiri di atas mobil polisi dan berkata dengan pengeras suara agar kerumunan kembali ke rumah.<ref name="dt5769839"/>
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[[Berkas:Hu Jintao during a defense meeting held at the Pentagon, May 2002, cropped.jpg|jmpl|lurus|kiri|Kerusuhan tersebut membuat presiden RRT [[Hu Jintao]] kembali dari [[KTT G8 ke-35|KTT G8]] internasional.]]
Media Tiongkok menyoroti kerusuhan tersebut secara khusus.<ref name=ft00144>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/8083cb12-6af1-11de-861d-00144feabdc0.html |title=Beijing handles political management of riots |first= Richard |last=McGregor |work=Financial Times |date=7 July 2009 | accessdate=18 January 2010}}</ref> Berjam-jam setelah kerusuhan berhenti, negara mengundang para jurnalis asing dalam rangka kunjungan pencarian fakta ke Ürümqi;<ref name=nyt090708/> jurnalis-jurnalis dari lebih dari 100 organisasi media diterjunkan ke pusat kota Hoi Tak Hotel,<ref name=SCMPoverseas/><ref name=DemocracyNowvideo>{{cite news | date=9 July 2009 | accessdate=5 September 2009 | title=Report from Urumqi: Thousands of Chinese Troops Enter City Torn by Ethnic Clashes | format=video | publisher=[[Democracy Now!]] | url=http://www.democracynow.org/2009/7/9/report_from_urumqi_thousands_of_chinese}} Discussion of media coverage starting at 26:49, hotel and internet blackout at 29:00.</ref> berbagi 30 koneksi internet.<ref name=SCMPoverseas/> Para jurnalis diberi akses tak biasa ke titik-titik tegang dan rumah-rumah sakit.<ref name=pfteleg090707>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/peterfoster/100002368/uighur-unrest-not-another-tiananmen/ |title=Uighur unrest: not another Tiananmen |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Peter |last=Foster |date=7 July 2009 |
Dalam upaya menenangkan ketegangan setelah kerusuhan, media negara memulai kampanye publisitas massal di seluruh Xinjiang yang menampilkan ketentraman etnis. Program-program televisi lokal menyatukan penyanyi-penyanyi Uighur dan Han dalam paduan suara "Kita semua bagian dari keluarga yang sama"; Uighur yang "bertindak heroik" pada kerusuhan tersebut disanjung; truk-truk beriring-iringan membawa slogan-slogan di jalanan. Sebuah slogan umum menantang "[[Tiga Kejahatan|tiga pasukan]]" terorisme, separatisme dan ekstrimisme.<ref name=SCMPpropaganda>{{cite news |title=Propaganda shows of Han-Uygur unity fall flat in Silk Road oasis town |work=South China Morning Post |date=17 July 2009 |agency=Associated Press |page= A7}}</ref>
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