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{{dablink|Angkatan Pertahanan Israel adalah bagian dari [[Pasukan Keamanan Israel]].}}
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'''Angkatan Pertahanan Israel''' ([[bahasa Ibrani]]: צבא ההגנה לישראל ''Tsva HaHagana LeYisrael'' '''''{{Audio|He-Israeli Defense Forces.ogg|dengarkan}}''''', ''"[Tentara] Angkatan untuk Pertahanan Israel"''), yang seringkali disingkat dengan singkatan bahasa Ibrani צה"ל '''''Ts''a''h''a''l''''', atau '''''Tz''a''h''a''l''''', adalah sebutan bagi [[Israel]], yang terdiri atas Angkatan Darat Israel, [[Angkatan Udara Israel]] dan [[Angkatan Laut Israel]]. Dalam bahasa Inggris, singkatannya lebih dikenal sebagai '''IDF'''.
== Sejarah ==
:''Lihat artikel utama: [[Sejarah Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]] untuk sejarah terinci IDF''.
'''Angkatan Pertahanan Israel''' dibentuk pada [[14 Mei]] [[1948]] dengan terbentuknya negara [[Israel]] "untuk melindungi penduduk Israel dan melawan segala bentuk terorisme yang mengancam kehidupan sehari-hari". '''IDF''' menggantikan [[Haganah]] (khususnya, cabang operasionalnya, [[Palmach]]) sebagai militer permanen dari negara [[Yahudi]] ini. Ke dalamnya juga bergabung unsur-unsur sebelumnya dari [[Brigade Yahudi]] yang berperang di bawah bendera Britania pada masa [[Perang Dunia II]]. Setelah dibentuknya IDF, dua organisasi bawah tanah [[Yahudi]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] dan [[Lehi (kelompok)|Lehi]] bergabung dengan IDF dalam suatu konfederasi longgar, tetapi diizinkan beroperasi secara independen di sejumlah sektor hingga akhir [[Perang Arab-Israel 1948]]. Sesudah itu, kedua organisasi ini dibubarkan, dan anggota-anggotanya diintegrasikan ke dalam IDF. IDF modern terbentuk pada periode antara [[1949]] hingga [[1956]] melalui pengalaman yang diperoleh dari konflik-konflik regional conflicts dengan tetangga-tetangga [[Jazirah Arab|Arab]] mereka.
Dari [[1956]] hingga [[1966]], IDF menghadapi lebih sedikit konflik dan menggunakan waktu ini untuk membeli perlengkapan baru dan berubah dari sebuah militer pemula menjadi sebuah kekuatan tempur yang profesional. Pada masa ini pula konon [[Israel]] mengembangkan kemampuan nuklir mereka.
Setelah masa damai selama satu dasawarsa, IDF menghadapi serangkaian peperangan dengan tetangga-tetangganya.
== Tinjauan umum ==
=== Dinas dan jumlah tenaga ===
==== Dinas biasa ====
Laki-laki dan perempuan Yahudi dan [[Druze]] yang berusia di atas 18 tahun dikenai wajib dinas militer nasional, meskipun pengecualian dapat diberikan atas alasan-alasan agama, fisik maupun psikologis (lihat [[Profil 21]]). Laki-laki dalam komunitas [[Yudaisme Haredi|Haredi]] dapat memilih untuk dikecualikan sementara mereka belajar di [[Yeshiva]], sebuah praktik yang menjadi sumber ketegangan <ref>Rosenthal 2003:51</ref>, meskipun sebagian program yeshiva seperti [[Hesder]] menyediakan kesempatan untuk berdinas.
Laki-laki berdinas di IDF selama tiga tahun, sementara perempuan dua tahun atau kadang-kadang kurang dari dua tahun. Kadang-kadang IDF dapat meminta perempuan yang menjadi relawan untuk posisi-posisi tempur untuk berdinas selama tiga tahun karena tentara-tentara tempur harus menjalani periode latihan yang lama. Perempuan dalam posisi tempur juga dituntut untuk berdinas sebagai perwira cadangan selama beberapa tahun setelah mereka diberhentikan dari dinas biasa, sebelum mereka menikah atau hamil.
==== Dinas cadangan ====
Setelah dinas biasa, kaum laki-laki dapat dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan hingga satu bulan setiap tahunnya, sampai mencapai usia 43-45 tahun (perwira cadangan dapat menjadi relawan setelah usia ini), dan dapat dipanggil untuk tugas aktif dengan segera pada saat-saat krisis. Pada umumnya, dinas cadangan dilaksanakan dalam satuan yang sama selama bertahun-tahun, dan seringkali satuan yang sama seperti pada dinas aktif dan dengan orang-orang yang sama. Banyak tentara yang telah berdinas bersama-sama dalam dinas aktif tetap bertemu dalam tugas cadangan selama bertahun-tahun setelah mereka dibebastugaskan, sehingga tugas cadangan menjadi suatu pengalaman ikatan bersama antara sesama laki-laki yang kuat dalam masyarakat Israel. Sebuah lelucon Israel terkenal menyebut warga sipil sebagai tentara yang sedang [[cuti]] selama 11 bulan.
Meskipun tetap siap untuk dipanggil pada masa-masa krisis, kebanyakan laki-laki Israel, dan praktis semua kaum perempuan, tidak benar-benar melakukan dinas cadangan pada suatu tahun tertentu. Satuan-satuan mereka tidak selalu memanggil semua perwira cadangan mereka setiap tahunnya, dan berbagai pengecualian dapat diberikan bila seseorang dipanggil untuk menjalani dinas cadangan biasa. Bagi para perwira cadangan yang dipanggil pada masa krisis praktis tidak ada pengecualian, namun pengalaman memperlihatkan bahwa dalam kasus-kasus demikian (yang paling mutakhir, [[Operasi Perisai Pertahanan]] pada [[2002]]) pengecualian jarang diminta atau diberikan; satuan-satuan ini biasanya mencapai tingkat rekrutmen melampaui satuan yang diawaki mereka yang berdinas penuh waktu.
Baru-baru ini diusulkan sebuah rancangan undang-undang untuk memperbaiki dinas cadangan, mengurangi maksimum usia dinas hingga 40 tahun, menjadikannya semata-mata sebagai pasukan darurat, serta banyak lagi perubahan lainnya terhadap struktur yang ada sekarang (meskipun Departemen Pertahanan dapat menunda bagian manapun dari undang-undang itu setiap saat karena alasan-alasan keamanan). Namun, ambang usia bagi banyak perwira cadangan yang posisinya tidak didaftarkan, akan dipatok pada 49 tahun. Undang-undang ini akan mulai diberlakukan pada [[13 Maret]] [[2008]].
==== Dinas Penjaga Perbatasan ====
Beberapa tentara IDF menjalani wajib dinas militer mereka di Mishmar Ha Gvool ([[Magav]]) atau Polisi Perbatasan Israel. Begitu pasukan-pasukan itu menyelesaikan latihan tempur IDF mereka, mereka menjalani latihan tambahan kontra-terorisme dan Penjaga Perbatasan. Mereka kemudian ditempatkan pada salah satu dari satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan di sekeliling negara.
Satuan-satuan Penjaga Perbatasan berperang berdampingan dengan satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Mereka juga bertanggung jawab atas keamanan daerah-daerah perkotaan yang padat, seperti misalnya Kota Yerusalem.
Banyak perwira di Penjaga Perbatasan yang berasal dari satuan-satuan tempur IDF. Sementara Penjaga Perbatasan tetap mempertahankan struktur komando mereka, di lapangan mereka hampir tidak dapat dibedakan dari satuan-satuan IDF reguler.
==== Minoritas di IDF ====
Orang-orang [[Druze|Arab Druze]] dan [[Circassian]], seperti orang-orang Yahudi Israel, dikenai wajib militer di IDF. Mulanya, mereka dimasukkan dalam satuan khusus yang dinamai "Satuan Minoritas", yang masih ada hingga sekarang, dalam bentuk batalyon patroli Harev, namun sejak 1980-an, tentara-tentara Druze telah semakin gencar memprotes praktik ini, yang mereka anggap sebagai suatu bentuk segeregasi dan tidak memberikan akses untuk berdinas di satuan-satuan yang lebih bergengsi. Militer telah semakin banyak menerima tentara Druze ke dalam satuan-satuan tempur biasa dan memberikan mereka akses ke pangkat-pangkat yang lebih tinggi, yang sebelumnya tidak diberikan kepada mereka. Pada tahun-tahun belakangan, beberapa perwira Druze telah mencapai pangkat-pangkat di IDF bahkan hingga Mayor Jenderal, dan banyak yang memperoleh bintang-bintang kehormatan. Namun, beberapa orang Druze masih mengeluhkan diskriminasi dan khususnya tidak dilibatkan dalam Angkatan Udara, meskipun pembatasan resmi dengan alasan keamanan untuk tingkat rendah bagi Druze telah cukup lama dihapuskan. Penerbang Druze pertama lulus pendidikan terbangnya pada 2005, namun namanya dirahasiakan karena ia adalah anggota Angkatan Udara, dan merupakan cucu dari seorang Druze Suriah yang membelot dari pertempuran di [[Ramat Yohanan]] pada masa perang kemerdekaan, di mana sekitar 1000 tentara dan perwira Druze membelot dan bergabung dengan Israel.
<!--The issue of being subject to mandatory conscription, unlike other Israeli Arab citizens, is the subject of an ongoing controversy inside the Druze community itself. Since the late 1970's the [[Druze Intiative Committee]] centered at the village of [[Beit Jan]] and linked to the [[Israeli Communist Party]] had been campaigning to abolish Druze conscription - arguing that the Druze are Arabs and Palestinians and should not be compelled to fight their brothers and sisters; that Druze conscription was instituted in [[1956]] following an appeal by the heads of the Druze community to then PM [[Ben Gurion]] which should not be considered binding on youths born many decades later; and that Druze get both ends of the stick - being conscripted like Jews (and in fact, having a higher percentage of combat casualties than Jews) while being in civilian life subjected to the same discrimination suffered by other Arabs in Israel.
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Such attitudes among the Israeli Druze were increased by contacts with their co-religioinists on the [[Golan Heights]], most of whom consider themselves [[Syrian]] patriots, do not recognise the Golan's annexation to Israel and waged an prolonged [[civil disobedience]] campaign in [[1982]], when the government tried to impose on them Israeli citizenship. Also, the first [[Lebanon War]] brought Israeli Druze soldiers indirect contact with their Lebanese co-religionists which had the effect of increasing disaffection - especially in 1982-83 when the Druze regarded the government as unfairly supporting Lebanese Christian militias then conducting a bloody conflict with the Lebanese Druze at the [[Shuf Mountains]] south of [[Beirut]].
In each conscription class, dozens of Druze youths are known to either
refuse to enlist or fail to show up and be declared "deserters". Druze radical activists complain that Druze [[conscientious objectors]] are consistently treated more harshly than Jewish ones and get far longer prison terms. So far, all Israeli government refused to open the policy of Druze conscription to any discussion. Regardless of the controversy on the issue of Druze recruitment, 87% of the Druze men enlist to the IDF, a ten precent higher rate than that of Jewish men.
By law, all Israeli citizens are subject to conscription and it is the Defence Minister's complete discretion to grant excemption to individual citizens or classes of citizens. A long-standing policy dating to Israel's early years extends an exemption to all other Israeli minorities (notably [[Israeli Arab]]s but also [[Black Hebrews]] and others). However, there is a long-standing governmet policy of encouraging [[Bedouin]]s to volunteer and offer them various inducements, and in some impoverished Beduin communities a military career seems one of the few means of (relative) social mobility abvailable.
Similar to the above-mentioned Druze, beduin soldiers increasingly complain of being segregated in the army (escpecially in the traditonal role of [[trackers]]) and demand to be admitted to ordianry units, and volunteering to miltary service is an increasingly controversial subject in the beduin community - with opponents of military service pointing, for example, to cases where beduin soldiers returned from dangerous duty in the [[Occupied Territories]] to find their family homes in the [[Negev]] destroyed by government inspectors.
From among non-beduin Arab citizens, the number of volunteers for military service - some [[Christian Arabs]] and even a few [[Muslim]] Arabs - is minute, and the government makes no special effort to increase it. Six Israeli Arabs have received orders of distinction as a part of their military service; of them the most famous is a Bedouin officer, Lieutenant Colonel Abd El-Amin Hajer (also known as [[Amos Yarkoni]]), who received the Order of Distinction. Recently, a [[Bedouin]] officer was promoted to the rank of Colonel. {{fact}}
Until the second term of [[Yitzchak Rabin]] as Prime Minister, social benefits given to families in which at least one member (including a granfather, uncle or cousin) had served at some time in the armed forces were significantly higher than to "non-miltary" families, which was considered a means of blatant discrimination between Jews and Arabs. Rabin had led the abolition of the measure, in the teeth of strong opposition from the Right. At present,the only official advantage from military service is the attaining of security clearance and serving in some types of government positions (in most cases, security-related), as well as some indirect benefits. In practice, however, a large number of Israeli employers placing "wanted" ads include the requirement "after military service" even when the job is in no way security-related, which is considered as an euphemism for "no Arab need apply". The test of former military service is also frequnetly applied in addmittance to various newly-founded communities, effectively barring Arabs from living there. Also, the Israeli national airline [[El Al]] hires only pilots who had served in the Air Force, which in practice excludes Arabs from the job.
Israeli Arabs claim that this puts them at a disadvantage vs. non-Arab Israeli citizens - although in theory any Israeli Arab has the opportunity to do military service, if he or she wants to, in practice any such volunteer needs to be vetted by the Security Service, and the drafting of Muslims other than Beduins is not encouraged and is often considered a security risk. The Israeli government claims that this arrangement provides equal opportunity for the Arab population.
On the other hand, non-Arab Israelis argue that the mandatory three-year (20 months for women) military service puts them at a disadvantage, as they effectively lose three years of their life through their service in the IDF, while the Arab Israelis are able to start right into their jobs after school, or study at a university. In fact,the most frequently heard argument whenever the subject of the discrimination of Arabs comes up - whether on the [[Knesset]] floor, in the media or among ordinary citizens - is that the Arabs' "non fulfilment of military duty" justifies thier exclusion from some or all the benefits of citizenship. The late former general [[Rafael Eitan]], when he went into politics in the 1980's, proposed that the right to vote be linked to military service. The idea occasionally crops up again among right-wing groups and parties.
According to the [[2004]] [[U.S. State Department]] [[Country Reports on Human Rights Practices]] for ''Israel and the occupied territories'', "Israeli Arabs were not required to perform mandatory military service and, in practice, only a small percentage of Israeli Arabs served in the military. Those who did not serve in the army had less access than other citizens to social and economic benefits for which military service was a prerequisite or an advantage, such as housing, new-household [[subsidies]], and employment, especially government or security-related industrial employment. Regarding the latter, for security reasons, Israeli Arabs generally were restricted from working in companies with defense contracts or in security-related fields."
In recent years, there have been several initiatives to enable Israeli Arabs to volunteer for civilian [[National Service]] instead of to the IDF, completion of which would grant the same privileges as those granted to IDF veterans. However, this plan has gained strong resistance from Arab members of the parliament, and as a result, has not been implemented yet.
Since 1993, gays have been allowed to openly serve in the military, including special units.
==== Women in the IDF ====
Israel has female [[conscription]], but about a third of female conscripts (more than double the figure for men) are exempted, mainly for religious and nuptial reasons.
Following their active service, women, like men, are in theory required to serve up to one month annually in reserve duty. However, in practice only some women in combat roles get called for active reserve duty, and only for a few years following their active service, with many exit points (e.g., pregnancy).
Apart from the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], when manpower shortages saw many of them taking active part in battles on the ground, women were historically barred from battle in the IDF, serving in a variety of technical and administrative support roles. During this period however, the IDF reputedly favoured female instructors for training male soldiers in certain roles, particularly tank crews. This was on the basis that female instructors of similar age to the young conscripts were more likely to receive the full attention of their students.
But after a landmark 1994 High Court appeal by Alice Miller, a Jewish immigrant from [[South Africa]], the [[Israel Air Force|Air Force]] was instructed to open its pilots course to women (several served as transport pilots during the first Arab-Israeli War in 1948 and [[1956 Suez War|"Operation Kadesh" in 1956]], but the Air Force later closed its ranks to women fliers). Miller failed the entrance exams, but since her initiative, many additional combat roles were opened. As of 2005, women are allowed to serve in 83% of all positions in the military, including Shipboard Navy Service (except submarines), and [[Artillery]]. Combat roles are voluntary for women.
As of 2002, 33% of lower rank Officers are women, 21% of Captains and Majors, but only 3% of the most senior ranks.
450 women currently serve in combat units of Israel's security forces, primarily in the [[MAGAV|Border Police]]. The first female fighter pilot received her wings in 2001. In a controversial move, the IDF abolished its "Women's Corps" command in 2004, with a view that it has become an [[anachronism]] and a stumbling block towards integration of women in the army as regular soldiers with no special status. However, after pressures from [[feminist]] lobbies, The Chief of Staff was persuaded to keep an "advisor for women's affairs".
=== Expenditures and alliances ===
During 1950-66, Israel spent an average of 9% of its GDP on defense. Defense expenditures increased dramatically after both the 1967 and 1973 wars. They reached a high of about 24% of GDP in the 1980s, but have since come back down to about 9%[http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/images/informationbrief.php?ID=55], following the signing of peace agreements with Jordan and Egypt.
In 1983, the [[United States]] and Israel established a [[Joint Political Military Group]], which convenes twice a year. Both the U.S. and Israel participate in joint military planning and combined exercises, and have collaborated on military research and weapons development. Additionally the [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] maintains two classified, pre-positioned [[War Reserve Stock]]s in Israel valued at $493 million. [http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/agency/31muns.htm] Israel has the official distinction of being an American [[Major non-NATO ally]]. As a result of this, America shares the vast majority of its security and military technology with Israel.
Since 1976, Israel had been the largest annual recipient of U.S. foreign assistance. In recent years, Israel has received about $1.8 billion a year in Foreign Military Financing (FMF) grants from the Department of Defense. This amount has increased in recent years due to non-military economic aid being shifted to military aid.[http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/cbj/]
== High command (General Staff)==
:''For a list of individual members (2005), see [[Israeli General Staff]]''
All branches of the IDF are subordinate to a single [[General Staff]]. [[Ramatkal|The Chief of the General Staff]] (Hebrew [[acronym]]: רמטכ"ל, pronounced: ''Ramatkal'') is the only serving officer having the rank of [[Lieutenant General]] (in Hebrew: רב אלוף, pronounced: "Rav [[Aluf]]"). He reports directly to the [[Defense Minister of Israel|Defense Minister]] and indirectly to the [[Prime Minister of Israel]] and the cabinet. Chiefs of Staff are formally appointed by the cabinet, based on the Defense Minister's recommendation, for three years, but the government can vote to extend their service to four (and in rare occasions even five) years. The current chief of staff is (Lieutenant) [[General]] (Rav-Aluf) [[Dan Halutz]], who replaced [[Moshe Ya'alon]], on June 1st, 2005.
=== Military structure ===
The IDF is comprised of the following bodies (those whose respective heads are members of the General Staff are in bold):
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==== Arms ====
* '''[[GOC Army Headquarters|Ground Forces Command]]'''
:*[[Israeli Infantry Corps|Infantry Corps]]
:*[[Armor Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Engineering Corps|Engineering Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Artillery Corps|Artillery Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Field Intelligence Corps|Field Intelligence Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Adjutant Corps|Adjutant Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Ordnance Corps|Ordnance Corps]]
:*[[Israeli Logistics Corps|Logistics Corps]]
:*[[C4I Corps]]
*Air and Space Arm
:*'''[[Israeli Air Force|Air Force]]'''
::*[[Israeli Air Defense Network|Air Defense Network]]
*Sea Arm
:*'''[[Israeli Sea Corps|Sea Corps]]'''
====Branches====
*'''[[Israeli General Staff|General Staff]]'''
:*'''[[Israeli Operations Directorate|Operations Directorate]]'''
::*'''[[IDF Spokesperson's Unit|IDF Spokesperson]]'''
:*'''[[Aman (IDF)|Intelligence Directorate]]'''
::*[[Israeli Intelligence Corps|Intelligence Corps]]
::*[[Israeli Military Censor|Military Censor]]
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:*'''[[Israeli Human Resources Directorate|Human Resources Directorate]]'''
::*[[Israeli Military Police|Military Police]]
::*[[Israeli Education and Youth Corps|Education and Youth Corps]]
::*[[Israeli General Corps|General Corps]]
::*[[Military Rabbinate]]
::*[[Womens' Affairs advisor]]
:*'''[[Israeli Planning Directorate|Planning Directorate]]'''
:*'''[[Israeli Computer Service Directorate|Computer Service Directorate]]'''
:*'''[[Israeli Technological and Logistics Directorate|Technological and Logistics Directorate]]'''
::*[[Israeli Medical Corps|Medical Corps]]
====Regional commands====
*'''[[Israeli Northern Command|Northern Command]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Central Command|Central Command]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Southern Command|Southern Command]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Home Front Command|Home Front Command]]'''
====Other bodies====
*'''[[Military Advocate General]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Military Court of Appeals|Military Court of Appeals]]'''
*'''[[Financial Advisor to the Chief of Staff]]'''
*'''[[Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories]]'''
*'''[[Israeli Military Academies|Military Academies]]'''
*[[Israeli Chief Reserve Officer|Chief Reserve Officer]]
*'''[[Military Secretary]] of the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]]'''
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===Related bodies===
The following bodies work closely with the IDF, but do not (or only partially) belong to its formal structure (those whose respective heads are members of the General Staff are in bold).
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====[[Israel Security Forces|Security forces]]====
*[[Israeli Intelligence Community|Intelligence Community]]
:*[[Shabak]]
:*[[Mossad]]
:*[[Israeli National Security Council|National Security Council]]
*[[Israeli police]]
:*[[Israel Border Police|Border Police]]
*[[Israel Prison Service|Prison Service]]
*[[Knesset Guard]]
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====Development====
*[[Israel Military Industries]]
*[[Israel Aircraft Industries]]
*[[RAFAEL Armament Development Authority]]
*'''[[Administration for the Development of Weapons and the Technological Industry]]'''
====Oversight====
*'''[[Defense Establishment Comptroller Unit|Defense Establishment Comptroller]]'''
*'''[[Director-general]] of the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Ministry of Defense]]'''
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== Israeli military technology ==
The IDF possesses top-of-the-line weapons and computer systems; some of it American-made or indigenously modified (such as the [[M4 Carbine|M4A1]] assault rifle, [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] jets and [[Apache helicopter]]). Israel receives more than US$2 billion per year in military aid from the United States, and much of it requires that American equipment be purchased with it. In spite of this however, Israel also has developed its own independent weapons industry. Weapons such as the [[Merkava]] battle tank, [[Kfir]] jet series, and various small arms such as the [[Galil]] assault rifle and [[Uzi]] submachine gun have all proven to be very successful.
The IDF also has several large internal [[research and development]] departments, and it purchases many technologies produced by the Israeli security industries including [[Israel Aircraft Industries|IAI]], [[Israel Military Industries|IMI]], [[Elbit]], [[El-Op]], [[Rafael]], [[Soltam]] and dozens of smaller firms. Many of these developments have been battle-tested in Israel's numerous military engagements, making the relationship mutually beneficial, the IDF getting tailor-made solutions and the industries a very high repute.
===Main Israeli developments===
[[Berkas:Merkava-mkIII-LIC-pic06.jpg|thumb|An Israeli [[Merkava]] main battle tank.]]
Israel's military technology is most famous for its guns, [[armored fighting vehicles]] ([[tank]]s, tank-converted [[Armored personnel carrier|APC]]s, armoured [[bulldozer]]s etc) and rocketry (missiles and rockets). Israel also designs and in some cases it has manufactured aircraft ([[IAI Kfir|Kfir]], [[Lavi]]; both discontinued) and naval systems (patrol and missile ships). Much of the IDF's electronic systems (intelligence, communication, command and control, navigation etc.) are Israeli-developed, including many systems installed on foreign platforms (esp. aircraft, tanks and submarines). So are many of its [[precision-guided munition]]s.
Israel and the United States are the only countries in the world with an anti-ballistic missile defense system ("[[Arrow missile|Hetz]]", Arrow, or Patriot (U.S.) developed with funding and technology from the United States), though an operational system is in place protecting the Moscow area. Israel has also worked with the U.S. on development of a tactical high energy [[laser]] system against medium range rockets (called [[Nautilus THEL]]).
Israel has the independent capability of launching [[reconnaissance satellites]] into orbit (a capability which only [[Russia]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[France]], the [[People's Republic of China]], [[India]] and [[Japan]] hold). Both the satellites ([[Ofeq]]) and the launchers ([[Shavit]]) were developed by the Israeli security industries.
Israel is also said to have developed an [[Israel and weapons of mass destruction|indigenous nuclear capability]], although no official details or acknowledgements have ever been publicized. On the issue of this nuclear weapons program, Israel chooses to follow a [[policy of deliberate ambiguity]].
===Specific weapon systems===
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* Small Arms
**[[M16]] assault rifle
**[[M4 Carbine]]
** [[Tavor TAR-21]] [[bullpup]] assault rifle
*** "Refaim" advance rifle grenade
** [[Galil]] assault rifle
** [[Uzi]] submachine gun
*** Micro Uzi
*** Para Micro Uzi
*** Mini Uzi
*** Uzi pistol
** [[IMI Negev]] light [[machine gun]]
** [[Jericho 941]] "Baby Eagle" handgun
** [[T.C.I.]] [[M89-SR]] semi-auto bullpup [[sniper]] rifle (based on a [[M-36 Sardius]] rifle)
** [[SR-99]] semi-auto sniper rifle
** RCWS - remote control weapon station
** OWS - overhead weapon station (also known as "Mag Refael")
**[[Corner Shot]] (Joint U.S-Israeli)
* Armoured Fighting Vehicles
** [[Merkava]] - [[Main battle tank]]
*** Mk 1
*** Mk 2
*** Mk 3
*** Mk 3 Baz (improved armour and [[fire-control system|fire control system]])
*** Mk 3 LIC (modified for [[low intensity warfare]], i.e. [[urban warfare]]).
*** Mk 4
*** [[Nammer]] ARV - Merkava [[armoured recovery vehicle]]
** [[Magah]] (upgraded [[M60 Patton]]) - Main battle tank
** Multi purpose tank-chassis based [[IFV]]s/[[Combat engineering vehicle|CEV]]s
*** Puma - [[Combat engineering]] armoured vehicle
*** [[Achzarit]] - APC ([[armored personal carrier]])
*** NagmaShot - an APC based on the [[Centurion tank]]
*** [[Nagmachon]]
*** Nakpadon
** [[Caterpillar D9]] up-[[armored bulldozer]] military version
** [[Machbet]] - self propelled [[anti aircraft]] system
** Self-propelled [[artillery]] systems
* [[All-terrain vehicle]]s and other wheeled vehicles
** Abir
** Sufa
** Desert Raider
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* Rockets and Missiles
** Gil/Spike - [[ATGM]] (anti-tank guided missile)
** Shifon - ATGM
** [[Jericho missile]] - ballistic missile
** [[Shavit]] - satellite launch missile, based on Jericho
** [[Python missile#Python 4|Rafael Python 4]] and [[Rafael Python 5]] - advance air-to-air missiles
** Popeye ([[AGM-142 Have Nap|AGM-142]]) - advance guided air-to-ground missile
** [[Gabriel (missile)|Gabriel]] [[anti-ship missile]]
** Hetz ([[Arrow missile]]) - part of a [[ballistic missile]] defense system, able to shoot down ballistic missiles
* Electronics and High-Tech
** Oren Yarok ([[Green Pine]]) - radar system used by the Arrow system
** [[Phalcon]] - intelligence gathering systems installed on large airplane
** [[Satellite]]s
*** [[Ofeq]] - [[reconnaissance satellite]]
*** [[Amos]] - [[communications satellite]] (civilian, used by the IDF)
** Katbam - unmanned naval vehicle
** [[LITENING targeting pod]] - enhance fighter jets offensive capabilities
** [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[F-4 Phantom]], [[McDonnell Douglas]] [[F-15 Eagle]] and [[General Dynamics]] [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]] fighter jet electronic systems
** Barak Zoher - advance tank firing system, installed on [[Merkava]] tanks
** [[Dolphin class submarine]] electronic and warfare systems
* Aircraft platforms
** [[IAI Nesher|Nesher]] fighter jet (upgraded Mirage V)
** [[IAI Kfir|Kfir]] fighter jet (upgraded and improved Mirage V)
** [[Dassault Mirage III|Nammer]] fighter jet (Mirage III)
** [[Lavi]] fighter jet (original design, prototype flown but project cancelled due to cost)
** [[Arava]] [[STOL]] medium transport aircraft
** [[Mazlat]] ([[UAV]]) - unmanned small aerial vehicle
* Naval platforms
** Dabur/Dvora/Tsir'a/Yatush patrol craft
** Sa'ar-class [[missile boat]]
*** [[Saar 2 class missile boat]]s
*** [[Saar 3 class missile boat]]s
*** [[Saar 4 class missile boat]]s
*** [[Saar 4.5 class missile boat]]s
*** [[Saar 5 class missile boat]]s
{{col-end}}
=== Nuclear capability ===
:''See also: [[Israel and weapons of mass destruction]]''
It is generally believed that Israel has [[nuclear weapon]]s. The weapons are thought to have been developed at the [[Negev Nuclear Research Center]]'s nuclear reactor since the 1960's. The first two nuclear bombs were probably operational before the [[Six-Day War]] and [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Levi Eshkol]] ordered them armed in Israel's first nuclear alert during that war. It is also believed that, fearing defeat in the October [[1973]] [[Yom Kippur War]], the Israelis assembled thirteen twenty-kilo[[ton]] nuclear bombs.
The current size and composition of Israel's nuclear stockpile is uncertain, and is the subject of various estimates and reports. FAS estimates that Israel probably has 100-200 nuclear warheads, which can be delivered by airplanes ([[A-4 Skyhawk]] or converted [[F-4 Phantom II]]), or [[ballistic missile]]s (Lance, [[Jericho missile|Jericho or Jericho II]] missiles). The Jericho II is reported to have a range between 1,500 and 4,000 km, meaning that it can target sites as far away as central [[Russia]], [[Iran]] and [[Libya]].
It has also been speculated that the Israeli Navy's three [[Dolphin class submarine]]s may be capable of carrying nuclear-armed specially-modified Popeye Turbo [[cruise missile]]s. These missiles are purported to have a 1,500 km range and are supposedly fired out of what are suspected to be unusually-sized additional torpedo tubes that were allegedly installed on the Dolphin submarine and are otherwise larger than what is required to accommodate any currently known western torpedo design in existence. A test of such a missile is alleged to have taken place off the coast of [[Sri Lanka]] in May [[2000]]. Nevertheless, some military analysts have labeled such rumors to be highly unlikely and impossible given the logistics of the submarines. Furthermore, there is no factual basis for the origins of the alleged test firing.
The Israeli government has neither acknowledged nor denied that it possesses nuclear weapons, an official policy referred to as "[[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|ambiguity]]". However, details of Israel's nuclear program were revealed in 1986 to the British press by [[Mordechai Vanunu]], a former nuclear technician. Following these revelations, Mordechai Vanunu was abducted by the [[Mossad]] and convicted of treason in his country. Released in 2004 under specific conditions, he lives today under surveillance in Israel.
== Ranks and insignia ==
{{main|Israel Defense Forces ranks|Israel Defense Forces insignia}}
The Israel Defense Forces has four enlisted ranks, as well as:
* 3 Supreme or General Officers: [[Ramatkal|Rav Aluf]] (Ra'al), Aluf, Tat aluf (Ta'al)
* 3 Field or Senior Officers: Aluf mishne (Alam), Sgan aluf (Sa'al), Rav seren (Rasan)
* 3 Company Grade or Junior Officers: Seren, Segen and Segen mishne (Sagam)
* 2 academic officers: Katsin akademai bakhir (Ka'ab), Katsin miktsoi akademai (Kama)
* 5 non-commissioned officer ranks: Rav nagad (Ranag), Rav samal bakhír (Rasab), Rav samal mitkadem (Rasam), Rav samal rishon (Rasar), Rav samal (Rasal)
Non-officer enlisted ranks include: Samal rishon (Samar), Samal, Rav turai (Rabat), Turai
Unlike most world armies, these ranks are common for all corps in the IDF, including the air force and navy.
Enlisted personnel sew their ranks to their sleeves, while officers and NCOs wear them on their shoulders.
== Code of Conduct ==
In 1992, the IDF drafted a ''Code of Conduct'' that is a combination of international law, Israeli law, [[Jew]]ish heritage and the IDF's own traditional ethical code - ''Ruach Tzahal'' רוח צה"ל ("[http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 The Spirit of the IDF]").
===The Values of the IDF===
Tenacity of Purpose in Performing Missions and Drive to Victory - "The IDF servicemen and women will fight and conduct themselves with courage in the face of all dangers and obstacles; They will persevere in their missions resolutely and thoughtfully even to the point of endangering their lives."
Responsibility - "The IDF serviceman or woman will see themselves as active participants in the defense of the state, its citizens and residents. They will carry out their duties at all times with initiative, involvement and diligence with common sense and within the framework of their authority, while prepared to bear responsibility for their conduct."
Credibility - "The IDF servicemen and women shall present things objectively, completely and precisely, in planning, performing and reporting. They will act in such a manner that their peers and commanders can rely upon them in performing their tasks."
Personal Example - "The IDF servicemen and women will comport themselves as required of them, and will demand of themselves as they demand of others, out of recognition of their ability and responsibility within the military and without to serve as a deserving role model."
Human Life - "The IDF servicemen and women will act in a judicious and safe manner in all they do, out of recognition of the supreme value of human life. During combat they will endanger themselves and their comrades only to the extent required to carry out their mission."
[[Purity of Arms]] - "The IDF servicemen and women will use their weapons and force only for the purpose of their mission, only to the necessary extent and will maintain their humanity even during combat. IDF soldiers will not use their weapons and force to harm human beings who are not combatants or prisoners of war, and will do all in their power to avoid causing harm to their lives, bodies, dignity and property."
Professionalism - "The IDF servicemen and women will acquire the professional knowledge and skills required to perform their tasks, and will implement them while striving continuously to perfect their personal and collective achievements."
Discipline - "The IDF servicemen and women will strive to the best of their ability to fully and successfully complete all that is required of them according to orders and their spirit. IDF soldiers will be meticulous in giving only lawful orders, and shall refrain from obeying blatantly illegal orders."
Comradeship - "The IDF servicemen and women will act out of fraternity and devotion to their comrades, and will always go to their assistance when they need their help or depend on them, despite any danger or difficulty, even to the point of risking their lives."
Sense of Mission - "The IDF soldiers view their service in the IDF as a mission; They will be ready to give their all in order to defend the state, its citizens and residents. This is due to the fact that they are representatives of the IDF who act on the basis and in the framework of the authority given to them in accordance with IDF orders."
===Code of Conduct against terrorists===
Recently, a team of professors, commanders and former judges, led by [[Tel Aviv University]] the holder of the [[Ethics]] chair, Professor [[Assa Kasher]], developed a code of conduct which emphasizes the right behavior in [[low-intensity operations|low intensity warfare]] against terrorists, where soldiers must operate within a civilian population. Reserve units and regular units alike are taught the following eleven rules of conduct, which are an addition to the more general ''IDF Spirit'':
# Military action can only be taken against military targets.
# The use of force must be proportional.
# Soldiers may only use weaponry they were issued by the IDF.
# Anyone who surrenders cannot be attacked.
# Only those who are properly trained can interrogate prisoners.
# Soldiers must accord dignity and respect to the Palestinian population and those arrested.
# Soldiers must give appropriate medical care, when conditions allow, to oneself and one's enemy.
# Pillaging is absolutely and totally illegal.
# Soldiers must show proper respect for religious and cultural sites and artifacts.
# Soldiers must protect international aid workers, including their property and vehicles.
# Soldiers must report all violations of this code.
== Criticism ==
Critics, including [[B'Tselem]] and [[Amnesty International]] accuse Israel of frequently violating their own [[Purity of Arms]] and code of ethics, and protecting soldiers who do. IDF has warned both senior and junior military officers alike of possible arrest and charges of war crimes if they set foot in [[Europe]] based on their conduct in the [[2006 Israel-Lebanon War]].[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=111341]
Israel has been accused of committing [[war crimes]] in [[2006 Israel-Lebanon War]] by the non-governmental organisations [[Amnesty International]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5276626.stm] and [[Human Rights Watch]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5232434.stm].
== Counterterrorism tactics ==
Owing to the ongoing [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], the tactics of the IDF have been adapted for [[low intensity warfare]] primarily against [[Palestinian]] militants operating from within densely-populated Israeli occupied territory.
===Targeted killing===
{{main|Targeted killing}}
The IDF employs a controversial strategy of "focused foiling" (in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: סיכול ממוקד ''sikul memukad''), termed "extra-judicial executions" by human rights organizations, <ref>http://www.btselem.org/Download/200101_Extrajudicial_Killings_Eng.doc</ref> of presumed Palestinian terrorist leaders, aimed at preventing future acts of violence by killing a person related to anticipated future violence (such as terrorist at the stages of planning or executing a [[terror|terrorist attack]]).
This policy has been widely condemned by the United Nations and many other countries as it said to be violating The International Humanitarian Law (Hague Convention IV of 1907).
Among prominent figures assassinated by Israel are [[Abu Jihad]], [[Abbas al-Musawi]], and [[Sheikh Ahmed Yassin]].
===House demolitions===
The IDF has historically used a strategy of demolishing houses of family members of suicide bombers, originally claiming that this was a very effective prevention tactic: Would-be bombers' families sometimes prevent the bomber, sometimes even going as far as informing to the IDF, in the hope of preventing their family-member's death as well as their house being demolished. Some would-be bombers even relented at the last moment, fearing their parent's home would be demolished. Critics, including human right organizations <ref name=hrw-house-demolitions>[http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/gaza/ Human Rights Watch - Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip]</ref>, contend that effectiveness does not legitimize excessive force. They also contend that the demolitions carried out by the IDF disproportionately affect civilians. However, many Israelis accept this tactic as necessary.
During the recent conflict, the number of houses demolished has increased significantly, both as the result of an increase in the number of suicide bombers, as well as due to more lenient criteria for house demolition. The IDF now routinely demolishes houses from which shots were fired at nearby traffic or settlements, houses harboring concealed [[Smuggling tunnels#Smuggling tunnels in Rafah.2C Gaza Strip|Smuggling tunnel]] entrances in the [[Gaza strip]], and for other security reasons.
Another main source for house demolition is in the course of fighting. After several IDF soldiers were killed early in the conflict while searching houses containing militants, the IDF started employing a tactic of surrounding such houses, calling on the occupants (civilian and militant) to exit, and demolishing the house on top of the militants within in case they do not surrender. This tactic is now used whenever feasible (i.e., non multi-rise building that's separated from other houses). Palestinians claim several cases in which houses were demolished on top of incapacitated or deaf civilian occupants. However, the IDF claims that in the vast majority of cases the occupants were militants.
In some heavy fighting incidents, esp. in the [[Battle of Jenin 2002]] and [[Operation Rainbow]] in [[Rafah]] [[2004]], heavily-[[armored]] [[IDF Caterpillar D9]] [[bulldozers]] were used to demolish houses to widen alleyways or to secure locations for IDF troops.
Palestinians and international organizations say the use of bulldozers by the IDF is illegal. In one well-known incident, [[International Solidarity Movement]] activist [[Rachel Corrie]] was killed while trying to stop a bulldozer in Rafah.
In summer 2005, after numerous houses had been destroyed, the Israeli army itself came to the conclusion that these demolitions do not contribute to Israel's security and announced putting an end to this policy. This does however not mean that, as part of its "[[low intensity warfare]]", the IDF would not destroy civilian homes during combat.
{{seealso|urban warfare|counter terror|CQB}} -->
== Lihat pula ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
=== Artikel terkait IDF ===
* [[Sejarah Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
* [[:Kategori:Anggota militer Israel|Daftar tokoh militer dan pahlawan perang terkenal Israel]]
* [[Daftar motto satuan militer menurut negara#Israel|Motto satuan IDF]]
* [[Daftar brigade dalam Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
* [[Daftar basis Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
* [[Pasukan Keamanan Israel]]
* [[Pangkat dalam Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
* [[Close to Home (film) - 2005]]
* [[Tank Sherman Pasca-perang]]
* [[Qana|Penembakan atas Qana]] (1996)
* [[Operasi Orchard]] (2007)
{{col-2}}
=== Artikel umum terkait ===
* [[Teknologi dan perlengkapan militer]]
* [[Konflik Arab-Israel]]
* [[Lehi (kelompok)]]
* [[Proliferasi nuklir]]
* [[Pembangkang militer Israel]]
* [[Profil 21]] (פרופיל 21)
* [[MK 22]]
{{col-end}}
== Rujukan dan catatan kaki ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>
*Rosenthal, Donna. ''The Israelis''. Free Press, 2003, ISBN 0-7432-7035-5
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
{{commonscat|Israel Defense Forces}}
* {{he}}{{en}} [http://www.idf.il/ The IDF Official Website]
* [http://www.isayeret.com/ isayeret.com] - The Israeli Special Forces Database
* [http://www1.idf.il/DOVER/site/mainpage.asp?sl=EN&id=32 The IDF Spirit - the ethical code of the IDF]
* [http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2002/584/14inv.htm Civil society under attack(detailing IDF)]
* [http://www.magavjerusalem.com Jerusalem volunteer Border Guard]
* [http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief3-8.htm IDF Code of Conduct]
* [http://www.fotw.net/flags/il%5E.html Israeli Armed Forces at Flags of the World]
* ''The Sword and the Olive'', Martin Van Creveld, ISBN 1-891620-05-3. A thorough and critical history of the IDF from the early defence leagues, and up to the late 1990s.
* [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/ FAS's page about Israel's nuclear capability]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/correspondent/1820862.stm BBC: Israel undercover]
* [http://www.israeli-weapons.com Israeli Weapons]
* [http://www.isayeret.com/ Isayeret.com]: The Israeli Special Forces Database
* [http://www.idf.il/daily_statistics/english/5.doc Statistics about IDF ratio of thwarting suicide bombing attacks] (link to DOC file)
* [http://www.defense-update.com Defense-Update Online Magazine]
* [[Haaretz]] report: "From 40 attacks per quarter to 5 attacks per quarter" :[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/413396.html English] - [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=413586&contrassID=2&subContrassID=1&sbSubContrassID=0 Hebrew] - [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/images/printed/P080404/zza.jpg Graph 1: Thwarted attacks (yellow) vs successful attacks (red)] - [http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/images/printed/P080404/a.0.0804.10.2.9.jpg Graph 2: Suicide bombing within the "green line" per quarter] .
* [http://www.waronline.org/ War Online] - military analysis and military history of the Middle East, especially IDF (Russian, English)
* [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks47.html The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinian Policy: From Oslo to the Al Aqsa Intifada] [[U.S. Institute of Peace]], Desember 2002
{{Israel Defense Forces}}
[[Kategori:Angkatan Pertahanan Israel| ]]
[[ar:جيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي]]
[[bg:Израелски отбранителни сили]]
[[br:Tsahal]]
[[ca:Forces de Defensa d'Israel]]
[[cs:Izraelské obranné síly]]
[[da:Israel Defence Forces]]
[[de:Israelische Streitkräfte]]
[[en:Israel Defense Forces]]
[[es:Fuerzas de Defensa Israelíes]]
[[fa:نیروهای دفاعی اسرائیل]]
[[fi:Israelin puolustusvoimat]]
[[fr:Tsahal]]
[[he:צבא הגנה לישראל]]
[[hr:Tzahal]]
[[hu:Izrael hadereje]]
[[io:Defensa armeo di Israel]]
[[it:Forze di Difesa Israeliane]]
[[ja:イスラエル国防軍]]
[[jv:Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]]
[[ka:ცაჰალი]]
[[ko:이스라엘 방위군]]
[[lad:Tsahal]]
[[lt:Izraelio ginkluotosios pajėgos]]
[[nl:Israëlische defensieleger]]
[[no:Israels forsvar]]
[[pl:Siły Obronne Izraela]]
[[pt:Forças de Defesa de Israel]]
[[ru:Армия обороны Израиля]]
[[simple:Israel Defense Forces]]
[[sk:Izraelské obranné sily]]
[[sl:Izraelske obrambne sile]]
[[sr:Израелске одбрамбене снаге]]
[[sv:Israels militär]]
[[tr:İsrail Savunma Kuvvetleri]]
[[vi:Lực lượng Phòng vệ Israel]]
[[yi:צה"ל]]
[[zh:以色列國防軍]]
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