Maksimus Pengaku Iman: Perbedaan antara revisi

Lantaran tidak bersedia menerima Monotelitisme, Maksimus diberangkatkan ke ibu kota [[Konstantinopel]] untuk diadili dengan dakwaan [[ajaran sesat|bidat]] pada tahun 658. Di Konstantinopel, Monotelitisme sudah mendapatkan dukungan kaisar maupun Batrik Konstantinopel. Maksimus dengan setia berpegang teguh kepada paham [[Diotelitisme]] (ajaran tentang dua kehendak), akibatnya ia dijatuhi pidana pengasingan selama empat tahun lagi. Saat menjalaniDalam persidangan, Maksimus didakwa membantu usaha penaklukan kaum Muslim [[Penaklukan Mesir oleh Muslim|di Mesir]] dan [[Penaklukan Maghreb oleh Muslim|Afrika Utara]]. Dakwaan ini ia tolak mentah-mentah, dan ia sebut sebagai fitnah yang keji.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Walter Kaegi|author-link1=Walter Kaegi|title=Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521196772|page=87|edition=berilustrasi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Hans Urs von Balthasar|author-link1=Hans Urs von Balthasar|title=Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor|date=2003|publisher=Ignatius Press|isbn=9780898707588|page=40}}</ref><!--

InPada tahun 662, MaximusMaksimus wassekali placedlagi ondiadili trialdengan oncedakwaan morebidat, anddan wassekali oncelagi morediputuskan convicted of heresybersalah. Following the trial Maximus wasHabis tortureddisidang, havinglidahnya hisdipotong tonguesupaya cuttidak out,lagi sodapat hemenyuarakan could no longer speak his rebellionpenentangannya, anddan histangan right hand cut off,kanannya sodipotong thatagar hetidak couldlagi nodapat longermenyurati writeorang letterslain.<ref>Gerald Berthold, "Maximus Confessor" indalam ''Encyclopedia of Early Christianity'', (New York:, Garland, 1997) ({{ISBN|0-8153-1663-1}}).</ref> MaximusMaksimus wasselanjutnya thendiasingkan exiledke to thedaerah [[LazicaLazika]] oratau [[ColchisKolkhis]] regionyang ofsekarang modern-daytermasuk wilayah negara [[Georgia (countrynegara)|Georgia]], anddan wasditahan castdi inbenteng the fortress of SchemarumSkemarum, perhapsmungkin Muris-Tsikhe, neardekat the modern town ofkota [[Tsageri]] sekarang.<ref>George C. Berthold (1985), ''Maximus Confessor: Selected Writings'', phlm. 31., Paulist Press, {{ISBN|0-8091-2659-1}}.</ref> HeIa diedwafat soontidak thereafterlama kemudian, onpada tanggal 13 AugustAgustus 662.<ref>ForSebagai examplecontoh, seelih. [http://www.catholic-forum.com/Saints/saintm96.htm Catholic Forum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625134928/http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintm96.htm |date=2007-06-25 }}. TheBaik injuriesluka-luka Maximuspenyiksaan sustainedmaupun whilekesukaran beinghidup tortureddi andpengasingan themerupakan conditionssebab of his exile both contributed to his deathkematiannya, causingsehingga Maximusbanyak toorang bemenganggap consideredMaksimus asebagai martyrseorang by many[[martir]].</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq8DujoXVOoC&pg=PA40|title=Maximus the Confessor and his Companions: Documents from Exile|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|last2=Neil|first2=Bronwen|date=2003-01-16|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=9780191583421|pages=40|language=en}}</ref> ThePengadilan-pengadilan eventsdan ofpengasingan theyang trialsdialami ofMaksimus Maximus were recorded bydicatat [[Anti-Paus Anastasius|Anastasius BibliothecariusPustakawan]], kepala arsiparis Gereja Roma.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qthjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|title=Maximus the Confessor: Jesus Christ and the Transfiguration of the World|last=Blowers|first=Paul M.|date=2016-02-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780191068805|pages=58|language=en}}</ref>

[[Image:Maksim ispovednik.jpg|thumb|285px|''MaximusMaksimus thePengaku ConfessorIman anddan HisSegala MiraclesMukjizatnya''., An early 17th-centuryikon [[aliran Stroganov|gagrak schoolStroganov]] iconbuatan awal abad ke-17 fromdari [[Solvychegodsk|Solvicegodsk]].]]

AlongPendirian withteologis PopeMaksimus Martindan I,Paus MaximusMartinus wasI vindicated by thedibenarkan [[Third CouncilKonsili ofKonstantinopel ConstantinopleIII]] (the Sixth [[Ecumenical Council]],tahun 680–681), whichyang declaredmenyatakan thatbahwa [[ChristKristus]] possessedmemiliki bothkehendak ainsani humanmaupun andkehendak ailahi. divineDengan will.dikeluarkannya Withpenyataan thisini, declarationMonotelitisme Monothelitismdianggap became heresybidat, anddan Maksimus Maximussecara wasanumerta posthumouslydinyatakan declaredtidak innocentbersalah.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA352|title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes]|last=Herrin|first=Hans|date=2016-11-28|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695664|editor-last=Curta|editor-first=Florin|pages=352|language=en|chapter=Maximus the Confessor and the Monothelite controversy|editor-last2=Holt|editor-first2=Andrew}}</ref>

MaximusMaksimus istermasuk amongsalah thoseseorang Christianstokoh whoKristen wereyang venerateddihormati assebagai [[saintorang kudus]]s shortlytidak afterlama theirsesudah deathswafat. ThePembenaran vindicationterhadap ofpendirian Maximus'teologisnya theologicalmenjadikan positionMaksimus madesangat himpopuler extremelysatu populargenerasi withinsesudah aia generation after his deathwafat, andapalagi histersiar causekabar wastentang aidedterjadinya byberbagai themukjizat accountsdi of miracles at his tombmakamnya.<ref>ForSebagai examplecontoh, from the biographydari providedbiografi byyang thedisajikan [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=100249 OrthodoxGereja ChurchOrtodoks indi AmericaAmerika]: "ThreeTiga candlesbatang appearedlilin overtampak thedi graveatas ofkubur StSanto MaximusMaksimus anddan burnedmenyala miraculously.secara Thisajaib, wastanda abahwa signSanto thatMaksimus Stadalah Maximussuar waspandu aajaran beaconyang oflurus Orthodoxysemasa during his lifetimehidupnya, anddan continuesterus tomemancarkan shinesirnanya forthsebagai assuri anteladan examplebagi ofsemua virtue for allorang. Many healingsBanyak occurredterjadi atkesembuhan hisdi tombmakamnya."</ref>

MaximusMaksimus isadalah onesalah ofsatu thetokoh lastterakhir menyang todiakui besebagai recognized[[Bapa byGereja]] botholeh theGereja OrthodoxOrtodoks andmaupun CatholicGereja Churches as a Father of the ChurchKatolik. InDi thedalam encyclicalensiklik ''Spe Salvi'' (tahun 2007), PopePaus BenedictBenediktus XVI calledmenyebut MaximusMaksimus sebagai 'the great Greek doctorDoktor ofBesar theGereja ChurchYunani', althoughkendati ittidak isjelas notapakah clearSri ifPaus thebermaksud Pontiffmenominasikan intendedMaksimus tosebagai nominatesalah Maximusseorang 'Doctor[[Doktor ofGereja]] theatau Church'sekadar ormenandaskan tobahwa sayMaksimus thatmemang headalah alreadyseorang wasDoktor oneGereja.<ref>TheKongregasi SacredSuci Congregationuntuk forPenganugerahan theGelar CausesOrang of SaintsKudus (Prot. Num. VAR. 7479/14) considersmenganggap thepernyataan Pope'sSri Paus declarationdi indalam ''Spe Salvi'' anbersifat informaltidak oneresmi.</ref>

==Theology Teologi ==

AsSelaku a student ofmurid [[Pseudo-DionysiusDionisius]], MaximusMaksimus wasadalah onesalah ofseorang manydi Christianantaranya theologiansbanyak whoteolog preservedKristen andyang interpretedmelestarikan thedan earliermenafsirkan filsafat [[Neo-PlatonicNeoplatonisme]] philosophyterdahulu, includingtermasuk the thought ofgagasan-gagasan suchpara figuresfilsuf asseperti [[Plotinus]] anddan [[Proclus|Proklus]]. Maximus'Karya tulis workMaksimus ontentang Pseudo-DionysiusDionisius theAhli AreopagiteAeropagus was continued byditeruskan [[Johannes Scotus Eriugena|JohnYohanes ScotusSkotus Eriugena]] atatas thepermintaan request ofKaisar [[CharlesKarl theyang Botak|Karel BaldBulus]].<ref name = CE>{{CathEncy|wstitle=St. Maximus of Constantinople}}</ref><!--