Denis Sassou-Nguesso: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Image:Sassou-Nguesso et Chirac.jpg|thumb|260px|Denis Sassou-Nguesso dan Presiden [[Perancis]] [[Jacques Chirac]]]]
'''Denis Sassou-Nguesso''' (lahir [[1943]]) adalah seorang [[tentara]] dan [[presiden]] [[Republik Kongo]] dari [[1979]] hingga [[1992]] dan kemudian dari [[1997]] hingga kini.▼
▲'''Denis Sassou-Nguesso''' (lahir
Dia adalah anggota partai ''Parti Congolais du Travail'' ([[PCT]]), sebuah partai [[sayap-kiri]]. Pada tahun [[1960-an]], dia pernah menerima latihan militer di [[Aljazair]] dan [[Perancis]] sebelum negaranya merdeka.▼
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He was marked for prominence and received military training in [[Algeria]] and at Saint Maixent, [[France]] before returning to join the elite paratroop regiment.
He had socialist leanings and supported the opposition to [[Fulbert Youlou]] in ''Les Trois Glorieuses'' of August 1963. Despite this he was part of the military coup of 1968 that brought [[Marien Ngouabi]] to power and was an early member of the PCT (''[[Parti Congolais du Travail]]'') when it was founded in December 1969.
In 1970 Sassou-Nguesso was made Director of Security and a minister in the new presidential council. When Ngouabi was assassinated Nguesso played a key role in maintaining control, briefly heading the Military Committee of the Party (CMP, ''Comité Militaire du Parti'') that controlled the state before the succession of Colonel [[Joachim Yhombi-Opango]]. Sassou-Nguesso was rewarded with a promotion to colonel and the post of vice-president of the CMP. He remained there until [[February 5]], [[1979]] when Yhomby-Opango was forced from power in a technical coup accused of corruption and political deviancy. On [[February 8]] the CMP chose Nguesso as the new president and at the Third Extraordinary Congress of the PCT his position was rubber-stamped.
Sassou-Nguesso surprised many observers who saw only a military strongman by revealing a strong commitment to [[Marxism]] as well as a streak of practical politics. He negotiated [[IMF]] loans and allowed foreign investors from France and the Americas to operate in the vital [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[mineral]] extraction operations. He also travelled to Moscow in 1981 to sign a twenty-year friendship pact with [[Leonid Brezhnev]].
He was re-elected as president at the 1984 Congress of the PCT for a further five years and he was not slow to moderate the Marxist policies of the government as the situation demanded. He was president of the [[OAU]] from 1986-1987. In late 1987 he faced down a serious military revolt in the north of the country with French aid.
Following the 1989 Congress, Sassou-Nguesso saw the collapse of the [[communist]] states of Eastern Europe and, under pressure from the French, began to prepare the process of bringing the country to [[democracy]], in December 1989 he announced the end of government control of the economy and declared a partial [[amnesty]] for political prisoners. Into the following year he attempted to improve the failing economic situation and reduce the outrageous levels of corruption. From August 1990 political parties other than the PCT were allowed and Sassou-Nguesso undertook a symbolic state visit to the USA, laying the grounds for a new series of conditional IMF loans later that year. In February 1991 the process towards democracy was decided and in June Sassou-Nguesso stepped slightly aside and [[Andre Milongo]] was appointed interim president of the CSR until the scheduled elections of 1992. The country was returned to the name Republic of the Congo in March 1991.
In the elections of June-July 1992 the PCT won only 19 of 125 seats on the National Assembly, UPADS (''Union panafricaine pour la démocratie sociale'') was the largest party with the MCDDI (''Mouvement Congolais pour la démocratie et le développement intégral'') another strong force. In the presidential elections of August the contest was between [[Pascal Lissouba]] (UPADS) and [[Bernard Kolelas]] (MCDDI), Lissouba won in the second round with 61% of the vote, Sassou-Nguesso was eliminated in the first round after polling only 17%.
Lissouba began his rule dogged with accusations of voting irregularities and he had to act with increasing repression to maintain his power. From November 1993 to the end of that year clashes between supporters of Kolelas and Lissouba left almost 1500 people dead. In 1994 Sassou-Nguesso prudently left the country for Paris, not returning until 1997 in order to contend the presidential elections scheduled for July.
On [[June 5]], 1997 Lissouba ordered the army to surround Sassou-Nguesso's residence in [[Brazzaville]], the militia of Sassou-Nguesso resisted the army and a more widespread conflict began. Sassou-Nguesso gained support from [[Angola]] and in [[October 11]]-14 his forces took Brazzaville and Lissouba fled. Sassou-Nguesso was declared president on [[October 25]].
Sassou-Nguesso was prepared to allow a return to democracy and began a three-year transition process in 1998 but renewed fighting with opposition groups led to the collapse of the endeavour. With the government forces in ascendency and following peace agreements in 1999 elections were re-scheduled for 2002, although not all rebel groups signed the accords. On March 10 Sassou-Nguesso won with almost 90% of the vote, his two main rivals Lissouba and Kolelas were prevented from competing and the only remaining credible rival, [[Andre Milongo]], advised his supporters to [[boycott]] the elections and then withdrew from the race. A new [[constitution]] was agreed in January 2002 which granted the president new powers and also extended his term to seven years as well as introducing a new [[bicameral]] assembly.
Although his nation is not wealthy, Sassou-Nguesso lives richly, spending almost US$300,000 on hotel bills for himself and his staff in New York for the September 2005 UN summit. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2089-2036138,00.html]
Having already served as the [[Chairman of the African Union|Chairman]] of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] in 1986 to 1987, he was elected [[Chairman of the African Union|Chairman]] of the [[African Union]], the OAU's successor body, in January 2006.-->
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{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Republik Kongo]]|before=[[Jacques Yhombi-Opango]]|after=[[Pascal Lissouba]]|years=[[1979]]–[[1992]]}}
{{succession box|title=[[Presiden Republik Kongo]]|before=[[Pascal Lissouba]]|after=''Masih Menjabat''|years=[[1997]]–}}
{{incumbent succession box|title=[[Ketua Uni Afrika]]|
start=[[2006]]|
before=[[Olusegun Obasanjo]]|}}
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[[kategori:Kelahiran 1943|Sassou-Nguesso, Denis]]
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