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'''Kebangkitan dunia Arab''' atau '''Musim Semi Arab''' ({{lang-en|The Arab Spring}}; {{lang-ar|الثورات العربية}}, secara harafiah ''Pemberontakan Arab'') adalah [[gelombang revolusi]] [[unjuk rasa]] dan [[protes]] yang terjadi di [[dunia Arab]]. Sejak 18 Desember 2010, telah terjadi revolusi di [[Revolusi Tunisia|Tunisia]]<ref name="tropicpost">{{Cite news|title=Middle East In Revolt|url=http://www.tropicpost.com/middle-east-in-revolt/|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=11 February 2011|archive-date=2011-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606075617/http://www.tropicpost.com/middle-east-in-revolt/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Revolusi Mesir 2011|Mesir]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world|agency=Christian Science Monitor|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world|first=Scott|last=Peterson}}</ref> [[Perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara di Libya]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html|agency=The Telegraph|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight|first=Richard|last=Spencer}}</ref> pemberontakan sipil di [[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/939631--death-turns-harmless-man-into-bahrain-uprising-s-martyr|agency=The Toronto Star|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Death turns ‘harmless man’ into Bahrain uprising’s martyr|first=Jesse|last=McLean}}</ref> [[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|Suriah]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,753517,00.html|agency=Der Spiegel|date=28 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title='It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown}}</ref> and [[Pemberontakan Yaman 2011|Yaman]];<ref>{{Cite web |work = The New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html | date=28 January 2011 | title = Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government | first1=Nada | last1=Bakri | first2=J. David | last2=Goodman |postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> protes besar di [[Protes Aljazair 2010–2011|Aljazair]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=CBC News|title=Algeria protest draws thousands|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/02/12/algeria.html|date=12 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Irak 2011|Irak]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/24/AR2011022403117.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Stephanie|last=McCrummen|title=13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests}}</ref> [[Protes Yordania 2011|Yordania]],<ref>{{cite news|date=28 January 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|title=Thousands protest in Jordan}}</ref> [[Protes Maroko 2011|Maroko]],<ref name = "afrol1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37175|title= Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt | publisher=Afrol.com|year= 2011 | accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Oman 2011|Oman]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/one-dead-dozen-injured-as-oman-protest-turns-ugly-1.768789|agency=Gulf News|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Sunil|last=Vaidya|title=One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly}}</ref> dan protes kecil di [[Protes Kuwait 2011|Kuwait]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44476|agency=Middle East Online|date=20 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day}}</ref> [[2011 Lebanese protests|Lebanon]],<ref>{{cite news|url = http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|title = Lebanon: Protests against Sectarian Political System|publisher=Reuters|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=8 March 2011|archive-date=2011-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124030156/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Protes Mauritania 2011|Mauritania]],<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20110224/pl_ac/7929736_benin_senegal_mauritania_impacted_by_protest_movements|title = Benin, Senegal, Mauritania Impacted by Protest Movements|publisher = Yahoo!|date = 24 February 2011|accessdate = 25 February 2011|first = Shawn|last = Humphrey|archive-date = 2011-03-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110302230053/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20110224/pl_ac/7929736_benin_senegal_mauritania_impacted_by_protest_movements|dead-url = yes}}</ref> [[Protes Saudi 2011|Arab Saudi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12260465|title=Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia|publisher=BBC News|date=23 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Sudan 2011|Sudan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/160998.html|title= Sudan opposition leader arrested| publisher=Press TV | location = IR |date=19 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Sahrawi 2011|Sahara Barat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37450|agency=Afrol|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=New clashes in occupied Western Sahara}}</ref> Kerusuhan di [[Demonstasi perbatasan Israel 2011|perbatasan Israel]] bulan Mei 2011 juga terinspirasi oleh kebangkitan dunia Arab ini.<ref>{{cite news|agency=FOX News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/06/israeli-troops-gird-for-more-syria-border-violence/|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria Blocks New Border Protest as Death Toll Rises to 23}}</ref> Protes ini menggunakan teknik [[pemberontakan sipil]] dalam kampanye yang melibatkan serangan, demonstrasi, pawai, dan pemanfaatan [[media sosial]], seperti [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]], dan [[Skype]], untuk mengorganisir, berkomunikasi, dan meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap usaha-usaha penekanan dan [[penyensoran Internet]] oleh pemerintah.<ref name = cascading>{{cite web|url= http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/|title=The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects|publisher=Miller-mccune.com|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> Banyak unjuk rasa ditanggapi keras oleh pihak berwajib,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/uk-morocco-protests-idUKTRE74L2YU20110522|agency=Reuters|title=Many wounded as Moroccan police beat protestors|date=23 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|archive-date=2012-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110041056/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/uk-morocco-protests-idUKTRE74L2YU20110522|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2011/0531/1224298143757.html|agency=The Irish Times|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria's crackdown|archiveurl=https://archive.is/WYB6|archivedate=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/16/501364/main20043683.shtml|agency=CBS News|date=16 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Bahrain troops lay siege to protesters' camp}}</ref> serta milisi dan pengunjuk rasa pro-pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/0/10315/World/0/Syria-clampdown-on-protests-mirrors-Egypts-as-thug.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria clampdown on protests mirrors Egypt's as thugs join attcks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemeni-government-supporters-attack-protesters-injuring-hundreds/2011/03/16/AB56R9g_story.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=17 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Yemeni government supporters attack protesters, injuring hundreds|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/24/libya-protests-gaddafi-fo_n_827568.html|agency=The Huffington Post|date=24 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya Protests: Gaddafi Militia Opens Fire On Demonstrators}}</ref> Slogan pengunjuk rasa di dunia Arab yaitu ''[[Ash-sha`b yurid isqat an-nizam]]'' (''"Rakyat ingin menumbangkan rezim ini"'').<ref name = slogan>{{cite web|author=Uriel Abulof|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/uriel-abulof/what-is-the-arab-third-es_b_832628.html|title=What Is the Arab Third Estate?|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>
 
== Pengenalan ==
Serangkaian protes dan demonstrasi di seluruh [[Timur Tengah]] dan [[Afrika Utara]] telah dikenal luas dengan sebutan "''The Arab Spring''",<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12339521|title= Egypt protests: an Arab spring as old order crumbles|publisher=BBC|date=2 February 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Roger|last= Hardy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|title= Arab 'spring' a chance for U.S. to rewrite relationships|publisher= [[San Angelo Standard-Times]]|date= 8 March 2011|accessdate= 9 March 2011|first= Kate|last= Smith|archive-date= 2011-07-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110711113021/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2011/mar/08/arab-145spring-a-chance-for-us-to-rewrite-former/|dead-url= yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/moisi62/English|title= An Arab Spring?|publisher=Project Syndicate|date=26 January 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Dominique|last= Moisi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|title= http://www.thenation.com/article/158991/arab-spring|publisher=[[The Nation]]|date=3 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Rashid|last= Khalidi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/06/arab-spring-european-reply-labour|title= The Arab spring requires a defiantly European reply|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011|first= Jackie|last= Ashley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2011/03/arab_spring|title= Arab Spring – Who lost Egypt?|work=The Economist|date=1 March 2011|accessdate=9 March 2011}}
</ref> dan kadang "Musim Semi dan Dingin Arab",<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Aaron|title=What Is Israel’s Next Move In The New Middle East?|url=http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|work=Moment Magazine|publisher=Moment Magazine|accessdate=5/6/2011}}</ref> "Kebangkitan Arab"<ref>{{cite news|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/2011/02/2011222121213770475.html}}{{cite news|url = http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html}}{{cite news|url =http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/03/protests_middle_east|work=The Economist|title=The Arab awakening reaches Syria}}</ref> atau "Pemberontakan Arab"<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/158670/arab-uprisings-what-february-20-protests-tell-us-about-morocco}}{{cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/node/18332630}}</ref> meski tidak semua pihak yang terlibat dalam protes merupakan [[bangsa Arab]]. Rangkaian ini berawal dari protes pertama yang terjadi di [[Tunisia]] tanggal 18 Desember 2010 setelah [[pembakaran diri]] [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] dalam protes atas korupsi polisi dan perawatan kesehatan.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/africa/22sidi.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&src=twrhp|title=Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia|work=The New York Times|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Kareem|last=Fahim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noueihed|first=Lin|url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119|title=Peddler's martyrdom launched Tunisia's revolution|publisher=Reuters|place = UK|date=19 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104243/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dengan kesuksesan protes di Tunisia, [[gelombang revolusi|gelombang kerusuhan]] menjalar ke [[Aljazair]], [[Yordania]], [[Mesir]], dan [[Yaman]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/27/AR2011012702081.html|title=Inspired by Tunisia and Egypt, Yemenis join in anti-government protests|work=The Washington Post|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Sudarsan|last=Raghavan}}</ref> kemudian ke negara-negara lain, dengan unjuk rasa terbesar dan paling terorganisir terjadi pada "hari kemarahan", biasanya hari Jumat setelah salat Jumat.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece|title=Yemenis square off in rival 'Day of Rage' protests|publisher=Arab News|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=6 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Police in south Yemen disperse 'day of rage' protests|publisher=Google|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Hosted news|agency=Agence Presse-France|date=11 February 2011|location=Aden, Yemen|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223070701/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg|archivedate=2011-12-23|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=White|first=Gregory|title=Bahrain Now Bracing For Its Own Day Of Rage After Giving Every Family $2,660 Fails|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bahrain-day-of-rage-2011-2|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Business Insider|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Protes ini juga mendorong kerusuhan sejenis [[Dampak kebangkitan dunia Arab|di luar kawasan Arab]].
 
{{As of|2011|07}}, unjuk rasa ini telah mengakibatkan penggulingan dua kepala negara, yaitu Presiden Tunisia [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]] yang kabur ke Arab Saudi tanggal 14 Januari setelah protes [[revolusi Tunisia]], dan di Mesir, [[Presiden Mesir|Presiden]] [[Hosni Mubarak]] mengundurkan diri pada 11 Februari 2011, setelah 18 hari protes massal dan mengakhiri masa kepemimpinannya selama 30 tahun. Selama periode kerusuhan regional ini, beberapa pemimpin negara mengumumkan keinginannya untuk tidak mencalonkan diri lagi setelah masa jabatannya berakhir. Presiden [[Sudan]] [[Omar al-Bashir]] mengumumkan ia tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=417637&version=1&template_id=37&parent_id=17|title=Party: Bashir is not standing for re-election|agency=Gulf Times|date=22 February 2011|accessdate=22 February 2011}}</ref> begitu pula Perdana Menteri [[Irak]] [[Nouri al-Maliki]], yang masa jabatannya berakhir tahun 2014,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|title=Iraq PM plans no re-election|agency=[[Suara Rusia]]|date=5 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2012-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111044547/http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/02/05/43000042.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> meski unjuk rasa semakin menjadi-jadi menuntut pengunduran dirinya sesegera mungkin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|title=Iraq angered protesters call for Maliki resignation|agency=Alsumaria|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925071202/http://www.alsumaria.tv/en/Iraq-News/1-60907-.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Protes di Yordania juga mengakibatkan pengunduran diri pemerintah<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-01/30/c_13712927.htm|title=Jordanians stage anti-gov't sit-in in Amman|publisher=Xinhua|date=30 January 2011|accessdate=13 April 2011}}</ref> sehingga mantan Perdana Menteri and Duta Besar Yordania untuk [[Israel]] [[Marouf al-Bakhit]] ditunjuk sebagai Perdana Menteri oleh [[Abdullah II dari Yordania|Raja Abdullah]] dan ditugaskan membentuk pemerintahan baru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|title=Jordan king appoints new PM, government quits|publisher=Reuters|date=1 February 2011|accessdate=2 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204083047/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/01/jordan-government-idUSLDE7101C620110201|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pemimpin lain, Presiden [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] dari Yaman, mengumumkan pada 23 April bahwa ia akan mengundurkan diri dalam waktu 30 hari dengan imbalan kekebalan hukum,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/24/world/middleeast/24yemen.html?src=tptw|title=President of Yemen Offers to Resign for Immunity|publisher=The New York Times|date=23 April 2011|accessdate=24 April 2011|first=Robert F.|last=Worth}}</ref> sebuah persetujuan yang diterima oposisi Yaman secara tidak formal pada 26 April;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704677404576285473691028908.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|agency=The Wall Street Journal|date=26 April 2011|accessdate=27 April 2011|title=Yemen Protesters Accept Deal|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref> Saleh kemudian mengingkari persetujuan ini dan semakin memperpanjang pemberontakan di Yaman.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-05-01/yemen-accord-signing-has-been-postponed-gulf-official-says-2-.html|date=2 May 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|title=Yemen Accord Signing Has Been Postponed, Gulf Official Says|first=Donna|last=Abu-Nasr|agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Pemimpin [[Libya]] [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] menolak mengundurkan diri dan mengakibatkan [[perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara]] antara [[Libya dalam pemerintahan Gaddafi|pihak loyalis]] dan [[pasukan anti-Gaddafi|pemberontak]] yang berbasis di [[Benghazi]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=The Times of India|title=Libyan govt says Gaddafi won't step down|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|date=5 April 2011|accessdate=5 May 2011|work=The Times Of India|archive-date=2012-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301225926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/middle-east/29384120_1_mussa-ibrahim-muammar-gaddafi-brega|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
Baris 115:
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik<br />
{{*}}Pemilihan [[Pemilihan Majelis Konstituen Tunisia 2011|Majelis Konstituante]] tanggal 23 Oktober 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-tunisia-election-idUSTRE7571R020110608 |title=Tunisia election delayed until October 23 |publisher=Reuters |date=8 June 2011 |accessdate=8 June 2011 |archive-date=2015-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001132603/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/08/us-tunisia-election-idUSTRE7571R020110608 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
|223<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12335692|title=Tunisia protests against Ben Ali left 300 dead, says UN|publisher=BBC News|date=1 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/World/20110226/tunisia-protests-110226/|title=4 dead in Tunisia after renewed violence|publisher=CTV News|date=27 February 2011|access-date=2011-08-22|archive-date=2011-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228184118/http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/World/20110226/tunisia-protests-110226/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#00112b;"|[[Revolusi Tunisia|<span style="color:white;">Revolusi</span>]]
|-
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|Dihentikan sejak April 2011
|{{*}}Presiden [[Omar al-Bashir|Bashir]] mengumumkan tidak akan mencalonkan diri lagi pada 2015.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12521427 Sudan's Bashir will not stand in next election: party official], AFP, 21 February 2011.</ref>
|1<ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/31/uk-sudan-protests-idUKTRE70U21620110131 |title=Sudanese student dies after protests-activists] |access-date=2011-08-22 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104317/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/31/uk-sudan-protests-idUKTRE70U21620110131 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>
! style="color:#fff; background:#eac27c;"|[[2011 Sudanese protests|<span style="color:white;">Protes</span>]]
|-
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|{{dts|format=dmy|2011|02|14}}
|Sedang berlangsung, meski dihentikan sementara sejak Maret 2011
|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Raja [[Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa|Hamad]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71A24Z20110211|title=Bahrain's king gives out cash ahead of protests|publisher=Reuters|date=11 February 2011|access-date=2011-08-22|archive-date=2011-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216022333/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE71A24Z20110211|dead-url=yes}}</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembebasan tahanan politik;<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110223064913/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/middleeast/news/article_1621209.php/Bahrain-s-king-to-free-political-prisoners-as-protests-continue Bahrain's king to free political prisoners as protests continue], Monsters and Critics, 22 February 2011.</ref><br />
{{*}}Pembubaran menteri;<ref>[http://www.presstv.ir/detail/167162.html Bahrain sacks ministers amid protests], Press TV, 26 February 2011.</ref><br />
Baris 328:
* {{Spiegeltopic|the_arab_revolution/|The Arab Revolution}}
* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/topic/?fa=list&id=839 Unrest in the Arab World] collected news and commentary at [[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]
* [http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html The Middle East in Revolt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207075103/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/0,28757,2045328,00.html |date=2011-02-07 }} collected news and commentary at ''[[Time]]''
* [http://www.cfr.org/egypt/issue-guide-arab-world-protests/p23929 Issue Guide: Arab World Protests], [[Council on Foreign Relations]], February 16, 2011
* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/02/daily_chart_arab_unrest_index The Shoe Thrower's index], An index of unrest in the Arab world, ''[[The Economist]]'', February 9, 2011
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Kebangkitan_dunia_Arab"