Wangsa Medici: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Keluarga Medici membanggakan diri sebagai pihak yang mengongkosi reka cipta [[piano]] dan [[opera]], mendanai pembangunan [[Basilika Santo Petrus]] dan [[Katedral Firenze|Santa Maria del Fiore]], serta menjadi patron bagi banyak seniman dan ilmuwan, antara lain [[Filippo Brunelleschi|Brunelleschi]], [[Botticelli]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Michelangelo]], [[Raffaello Sanzio|Raffaello]], [[Machiavelli]], [[Galileo]], dan [[Francesco Redi]]. Keluarga Medici juga merupakan tokoh utama gerakan [[Reformasi Katolik|Kontrareformasi]] sejak permulaan [[Reformasi Protestan]] sampai dengan penyelenggaraan [[Konsili Trente]] dan berkobarnya [[Perang Agama Prancis|perang-perang agama di Prancis]].
== Sejarah ==
Keluarga Medici berasal dari [[Mugello]], daerah pertanian di sebelah utara Firenze,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7LQe7zAZRQC&pg=PA33|title=Botticelli. Ediz. Inglese|first=Silvia|last=Malaguzzi|year=2004|publisher=Giunti Editore|via=Google Books|isbn=9788809036772}}</ref> dan pertama kali tertera di dalam dokumen pada tahun 1230.<ref>''The Medieval World – Europe 1100–1350'', Friedrich Heer, 1998, Jerman</ref> Asal-usul nama keluarga ini tidak begitu jelas. ''Medici'' adalah bentuk jamak dari kata ''[[:wiktionary:medico|medico]]'', artinya "tabib".<ref>Dalam bahasa Italia, nama ini diucapkan dengan tekanan pada suku kata pertama /ˈmɛ .di.tʃi/, bukan pada huruf vokal kedua.[https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/magazinemonitor/2006/10/how_to_say_medici_1.shtml How to say: Medici], [[BBC News Magazine Monitor]]—''MED-uh-chee'' menurut cara eja Inggris di Amerika.</ref> Keluarga Medici naik status menjadi keluarga terpandang ketika mendirikan [[Bank Medici]] di Firenze pada tahun 1397.
=== Menuju tampuk kekuasaan ===
[[File:Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici.jpg|thumb|[[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]], pendiri Bank Medici]]
[[File:Ghirlandaio a-pucci-lorenzo-de-medici-f-sassetti 1.jpg|thumb|''Pengesahan Tata Tertib'', karya [[Domenico Ghirlandaio]]]]
Hampir sepanjang abad ke-13, kegiatan perbankan di Italia berpusat di kota [[Siena]]. Pada tahun 1298, keluarga [[Gran Tavola|Bonsignori]], salah satu keluarga bankir terkemuka di Europa, mengalami kebangkrutan, sehingga pusat kegiatan perbankan Italia beralih dari Siena ke Firenze.<ref name=Strathern18>Strathern, hlm. 18</ref> Sampai abad ke-14, keluarga yang paling disegani di Firenze adalah [[Albizzi|keluarga Albizzi]]. Pada tahun 1293, the [[Ordinansi-Ordinansi Keadilan]] diberlakukan, dan secara efektif menjadi undang-undang dasar negara [[Republik Firenze]] sepanjang era Renainsans Italia.<ref>Kenneth Bartlett, ''The Italian Renaissance'', Bab 7, hlm. 37, Jilid II, 2005.</ref> [[Palazzo]]-palazzo mewah di Firenze akhirnya dikepung rumah-[[rumah bandar]] yang dibangun warga kota dari kalangan saudagar kaya.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.aboutflorence.com/history-of-Florence.html |title=History of Florence |publisher=Aboutflorence.com |access-date=26 Januari 2015}}</ref>
Saingan utama keluarga Albizzi dalah keluarga Medici, mula-mula ketika keluarga Medici dipimpin [[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]], demikian pula ketika keluarga Medici dipimpin [[Cosimo de' Medici|Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici]] (anak Giovanni) dan [[Lorenzo de' Medici]] (cicit Giovanni). Keluarga Medici mengelola Bank Medici, bank terbesar di Eropa kala itu, dan menjalankan sekian banyak perusahaan lain di Firenze maupun tempat-tempat lain. Pada tahun 1433, keluarga Albizzi berhasil membuat Cosimo dijatuhi pidana pengasingan.<ref>Crum, Roger J. ''Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence''. Artibus et Historiae, Jilid 22, Suntingan 44, 2001. hlmn. 23–29.</ref> Meskipun demikian, pada tahun 1434, terbentuk [[Signoria Firenze|Signoria]] (dewan pemerintah kota) yang pro-Medici, di bawah kepemimpinan Tommaso Soderini, Oddo Altoviti, dan Lucca Pitti, sehingga Cosimo leluasa untuk pulang ke Firenze. Keluarga Medici pun akhirnya menjadi keluarga yang paling terpandang di kota Firenze. Status ini mampu mereka pertahankan sampai tiga abad kemudian. Firenze tetap menjadi negara republik sampai tahun 1537, tahun yang turun-temurun dijadikan tarikh akhir kurun waktu Puncak Renaisans di Firenze, tetapi segenap aparatur pemerintah negara Republik Firenze sudah berada di bawah kendali keluarga Medici dan sekutu-sekutunya, kecuali pada masa jeda sesudah tahun 1494 dan 1527. Cosimo dan Lorenzo jarang sekali memegang jabatan resmi di pemerintahan, tetapi tidak dapat disangkal bahwa merekalah penguasa Firenze yang sesungguhnya.
Keluarga Medici menjalin hubungan baik dengan banyak keluarga terpandang lainnya lewat ikatan [[perkawinan demi status]], kemitraan, atau pengaryaan, sehinggan menduduki posisi utama di tengah-tengah [[jejaring sosial]] yang mereka bentuk. Di dalam jejaring ini, keluarga-keluarga tertent hanya dapat memiliki akses sistematis menuju keluarga-keluarga elit selebihnya melalui keluarga Medici, mungkin mirip dengan relasi perbankan. Keluarga-keluarga tersebut antara lain adalah [[keluarga Bardi]], [[keluarga Altoviti]], keluarga Ridolfi, keluarga Cavalcanti, dan keluarga Tornabuoni. Keadaan inilah yang diduga melatarbelakangi peningkatan status keluarga Medici.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1086/230190 |title=Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400–1434 |first1=John F. |last1=Padgett |first2=Christopher K. |last2=Ansell |journal=The American Journal of Sociology |volume=98 |issue=6 |date=Mei 1993 |pages=1259–1319 |jstor=2781822 |s2cid=56166159 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d48/8cf5644f42b3c321d4c3c4e02881956c4f57.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303131647/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3d48/8cf5644f42b3c321d4c3c4e02881956c4f57.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=03 Maret 2020}}. Hal ini sudah memicu timbulnya [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&safe=off&cites=3047393440246405308&q=network lebih banyak analisis].</ref>
Anggota-anggota keluarga Medici mula-mula menjadi orang terpandang pada abad ke-14 di bidang usaha perdagangan wol, khususnya perdagangan wol dengan [[Prancis]] dan [[Spanyol]]. Meskipun beberapa anggota keluarga Medici ketika itu sudah berkiprah di lembaga-lembaga pemerintahan kota, mereka belum seterkemuka pejabat-pejabat dari keluarga [[Albizzi]] atau keluarga [[keluarga Strozzi|Strozzi]]. [[Salvestro de' Medici]] adalah juru bicara [[gilda|serikat usaha]]wan wol saat berkobarnya pemberontakan [[Ciompi]] tahun 1378–1382, dan Antonio de' Medici diasingkan dari Firenze pada tahun 1396.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Florentine history written by Niccolò Machiavelli, Jilid 1 |first1=Niccolò|last1=Machiavelli |pages=221 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q9ynqj6brwC&q=%22antonio%20de%20medici%22%201396%20exile&pg=PA221 |year=1906 }}.</ref> Keterlibatan beberapa anggota keluarga dalam pemberontakan lainnya pada tahun 1400 mengakibatkan semua cabang keluarga Medici (kecuali dua cabang) dilarang berkiprah di gelanggang politik Firenze selama dua puluh tahun.
=== Abad ke-15 ===
[[Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici]] (''[[circa|ca]].'' 1360–1429), anak [[Averardo de' Medici]] (1320–1363), meningkatkan kekayaan keluarga Medici dengan mendirikan Bank Medici dan menjadi salah satu orang terkaya di kota Firenze.<!-- Although he never held any political office, he gained strong popular support for the family through his support for the introduction of a [[proportional tax|proportional system of taxation]]. Giovanni's son [[Cosimo de' Medici|Cosimo the Elder]], {{lang|it|Pater Patriae}} (father of the country), took over in 1434 as [[gran maestro]] (the unofficial head of the Florentine Republic).<ref name=godfathers1>{{cite video|people=Bradley, Richard (executive producer)|date=2003|title=The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (Part I)|medium=[[DVD]]|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] Home Video|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/}}</ref>
[[File:Cosimo Pater Patriae.jpg|thumb|left|Cosimo ''Pater patriae'', Uffizi Gallery, Florence]]
Three successive generations of the Medici—Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo—ruled over Florence through the greater part of the 15th century. They clearly dominated Florentine [[representative government]] without abolishing it altogether.<ref name=Adams1>''[[The Prince]]'' [[Niccolò Machiavelli]]. A Norton Critical Edition. Translated and edited by Rober M. Adams. New York. W.W. Norton and Company, 1977. p. viii (Historical Introduction).</ref> These three members of the Medici family had great skills in the management of so "restive and independent a city" as Florence. When Lorenzo died in 1492, however, his son Piero proved quite incapable of responding successfully to challenges caused by the [[Italian War of 1494-98|French invasion of Italy in 1492]], and within two years, he and his supporters were forced into exile and replaced with a republican government.<ref name=Adams1/>
[[Piero di Cosimo de' Medici|Piero de' Medici]] (1416–1469), Cosimo's son, was only in power for five years (1464–1469). He was called "Piero the Gouty" because of the [[gout]] that pained his foot and led to his death. Unlike his father, Piero had little interest in the arts. Due to his illness, he mostly stayed at home bedridden, and therefore did little to further the Medici control of Florence while in power. As such, Medici rule stagnated until the next generation, when Piero's son Lorenzo took over.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpQlBgAAQBAJ&q=Piero+de%27+Medici+stagnant+rule&pg=PA56|title=Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V|last=Ulwencreutz|first=Lars|year= 2013|access-date=20 September 2018|isbn=9781304581358}}</ref>
[[Lorenzo de' Medici]] (1449–1492), called "the Magnificent", was more capable of leading and ruling a city, but he neglected the family banking business, which led to its ultimate ruin. To ensure the continuance of his family's success, Lorenzo planned his children's future careers for them. He groomed the headstrong [[Piero the Unfortunate|Piero II]] to follow as his successor in civil leadership; Giovanni<ref>15th century Italy.</ref> (future [[Pope Leo X]]) was placed in the church at an early age; and his daughter [[Maddalena de' Medici (1473-1528)|Maddalena]] was provided with a sumptuous dowry to make a politically advantageous marriage to a son of [[Pope Innocent VIII]] that cemented the alliance between the Medici and the Roman branches of the [[Cybo]] and [[House of Altoviti|Altoviti]] families.<ref>Hibbard, pp. 177, 202, 162.</ref>
The [[Pazzi conspiracy]] of 1478 was an attempt to depose the Medici family by killing Lorenzo with his younger brother [[Giuliano de' Medici|Giuliano]] during Easter services; the assassination attempt ended with the death of Giuliano and an injured Lorenzo. The conspiracy involved the [[Pazzi]] and [[Salviati (bankers)|Salviati]] families, both rival banking families seeking to end the influence of the Medici, as well as the priest presiding over the church services, the [[Francesco Salviati (archbishop)|Archbishop of Pisa]], and even [[Pope Sixtus IV]] to a degree. The conspirators approached Sixtus IV in the hopes of gaining his approval, as he and the Medici had a long rivalry themselves, but the pope gave no official sanction to the plan. Despite his refusal of official approval, the pope nonetheless allowed the plot to proceed without interfering, and, after the failed assassination of Lorenzo, also gave [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] for crimes done in the service of the church. After this, Lorenzo adopted his brother's illegitimate son Giulio de' Medici (1478–1535), the future Pope [[Clement VII]]. Lorenzo's son Piero II took over as the head of Florence after Lorenzo's death. Piero was later responsible for the expulsion of the Medici from 1494 to 1512.{{fact|date=June 2020}}
The Medici additionally benefited from the discovery of vast deposits of [[Potassium alum|alum]] in [[Tolfa]] in 1461. Alum is essential as a [[mordant]] in the dyeing of certain cloths and was used extensively in Florence, where the main industry was textile manufacturing. Before the Medici, the Turks were the only exporters of alum, so Europe was forced to buy from them until the discovery in Tolfa. [[Pope Pius II|Pius II]] granted the Medici family a monopoly on the mining there, making them the primary producers of alum in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHtQBAAAQBAJ&q=Pius+II+granted+the+Medici+family+a+monopoly+on+the+mining+there%2C+making+them+the+primary+producers+of+alum+in+Europe.&pg=PT46|title=The Renaissance: All That Matters|last=Halvorson|first=Michael|date=2014|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=9781444192964|language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote box|quote=In the dangerous circumstances in which our city is placed, the time for deliberation is past. Action must be taken... I have decided, with your approval, to sail for Naples immediately, believing that as I am the person against whom the activities of our enemies are chiefly directed, I may, perhaps, by delivering myself into their hands, be the means of restoring peace to our fellow-citizens. As I have had more honour and responsibility among you than any private citizen has had in our day, I am more bound than any other person to serve our country, even at the risk of my life. With this intention I now go. Perhaps God wills that this war, which began in the blood of my brother and of myself, should be ended by any means. My desire is that by my life or my death, my misfortune or my prosperity, I may contribute to the welfare of our city... I go full of hope, praying to God to give me grace to perform what every citizen should at all times be ready to perform for his country.|source= — ''Lorenzo de' Medici, 1479''.<ref>Hibbert, ''The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall'', 153.</ref>
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===16th century===
The exile of the Medici lasted until 1512, after which the "senior" branch of the family—those descended from Cosimo the Elder—were able to rule until the assassination of [[Alessandro de' Medici]], first [[Duke of Florence]], in 1537. This century-long rule was interrupted only on two occasions (between 1494–1512 and 1527–1530), when anti-Medici factions took control of Florence. Following the assassination of Duke Alessandro, power passed to the "junior" Medici branch—those descended from [[Lorenzo the Elder]], the youngest son of Giovanni di Bicci, starting with his great-great-grandson [[Cosimo I de' Medici|Cosimo I "the Great."]]
Cosimo the Elder and his father started the Medici foundations in banking and manufacturing—including a form of [[franchising|franchises]]. The family's influence grew with its patronage of wealth, art, and culture. Ultimately, it reached its zenith in the [[pope|papacy]] and continued to flourish for centuries afterward as Dukes of Florence and Tuscany. At least half, probably more, of Florence's people were employed by the Medici and their foundational branches in business.
====Medici popes====
[[File:MEDICI TAPESTRY.jpg|thumb|The Medici Wedding Tapestry of 1589]]
The Medici became leaders of Christendom through their two famous 16th century popes, [[Leo X]] and [[Clement VII]]. Both also served as ''[[de facto]]'' political rulers of Rome, Florence, and large swaths of Italy known as the [[Papal States]]. They were generous patrons of the arts who commissioned masterpieces such as [[Raphael]]'s ''[[Transfiguration (Raphael)|Transfiguration]]'' and [[Michelangelo]]'s ''[[The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)|The Last Judgment]]''; however, their reigns coincided with troubles for the [[Holy See|Vatican]], including [[Martin Luther]]'s [[Protestant Reformation]] and the infamous [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome in 1527]].
Leo X's fun-loving pontificate bankrupted Vatican coffers and accrued massive debts. From Leo's election as pope in 1513 to his death in 1521, Florence was overseen, in turn, by [[Giuliano de' Medici, Duke of Nemours]], [[Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino]], and Giulio de' Medici, the latter of whom became [[Pope Clement VII]].
Clement VII's tumultuous pontificate was dominated by a rapid succession of political crises—many long in the making—that resulted in the [[Sack of Rome (1527)|sack of Rome]] by the armies of [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperor Charles V]] in 1527 and rise of the Salviati, Altoviti and Strozzi as the leading bankers of the [[Roman Curia|Roman Curie]]. From the time of Clement's election as pope in 1523 until the sack of Rome, Florence was governed by the young [[Ippolito de' Medici]] (future cardinal and vice-chancellor of the Holy Roman Church), [[Alessandro de' Medici]] (future duke of Florence), and their guardians. In 1530, after allying himself with Charles V, Pope Clement VII succeeded in securing the engagement of Charles V's daughter [[Margaret of Parma|Margeret of Austria]] to his illegitimate nephew (reputedly his son) [[Alessandro de' Medici]]. Clement also convinced Charles V to name Alessandro as Duke of Florence. Thus began the reign of Medici monarchs in Florence, which lasted two centuries.
[[File:Cosimo-GDuke-BR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo I]], founder of the [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]]]]
After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, [[Catherine de' Medici]], to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King [[Francis I of France]]—the future King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]]. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through [[Elisabeth of Valois]], and the [[House of Lorraine]] through [[Claude of Valois]].
In 1534, following a lengthy illness, Pope Clement VII died—and with him the stability of the Medici's "senior" branch. In 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici died under mysterious circumstances. In 1536, Alessandro de' Medici married Charles V's daughter, Margaret of Austria; however, the following year he was assassinated by a resentful cousin, [[Lorenzino de' Medici]]. The deaths of Alessandro and Ippolito enabled the Medici's "junior" branch to lead Florence.
====Medici Dukes====
Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest beginnings in the [[Mugello region|Mugello]] to attain supremacy over the whole of [[Tuscany]]. Against the opposition of [[Catherine de' Medici]], [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival [[Siena]] and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of [[Elba]] from the [[Republic of Genoa]] and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Francesco]], whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando]], in 1587. Francesco married [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Johanna of Austria]], and with his consort produced [[Eleonora de' Medici]], Duchess of Mantua, and [[Marie de' Medici]], Queen of France and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the [[House of Bonaparte|Napoleons]]) were descended from Francesco.
Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in [[Livorno]].<ref name=Hale151>Hale, p. 150.</ref> To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of [[Morus (plant)|mulberry trees]] along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves).<ref>Hale, p. 151.</ref> In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg<ref>Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time period in question.</ref> [[hegemony]] by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, [[Christina of Lorraine]], a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a [[citadel]] on their portion of the island of Elba.<ref name=Hale151/> To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to [[Henry IV of France]]. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to [[Maria Maddalena of Austria]] to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret]] was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the [[New World]] with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.
Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples.<ref>Hale, p. 158.</ref> Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.<ref name=Hale160>Hale, p. 160.</ref> The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.<ref name=Hale160/>
===17th century===
[[File:Cosimo ii de' medici adn two.jpg|thumb|From left to right: [[Maria Maddalena of Austria|The Grand Duchess Maria Maddalena]], [[Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|The Grand Duke Cosimo II]], and their elder son, the future [[Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando II]]]]
Ferdinando, although no longer a cardinal, exercised much influence at successive conclaves. In 1605, Ferdinando succeeded in getting his candidate, Alessandro de' Medici, elected [[Pope Leo XI]]. He died the same month, but his successor, [[Pope Paul V]], was also pro-Medici.<ref>Hale, p. 165.</ref> Ferdinando's pro-papal foreign policy, however, had drawbacks. Tuscany was overrun with religious orders, not all of whom were obliged to pay taxes. Ferdinando died in 1609, leaving an affluent realm; his inaction in international affairs, however, would have long-reaching consequences down the line.
In France, Marie de' Medici was acting as regent for her son, [[Louis XIII of France|Louis XIII]]. Louis repudiated her pro-Habsburg policy in 1617. She lived the rest of her life deprived of any political influence.
Ferdinando's successor, [[Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo II]], reigned for less than 12 years. He married Maria Maddalena of Austria, with whom he had his eight children, including [[Margherita de' Medici]], [[Ferdinando II de' Medici]], and an [[Anna de' Medici]].
He is most remembered as the patron of astronomer [[Galileo Galilei]], whose 1610 treatise, [[Sidereus Nuncius]], was dedicated to him.<ref>Strathen, p. 368.</ref> Cosimo died of consumption ([[tuberculosis]]) in 1621.<ref>Hale, p. 187.</ref>
Cosimo's elder son, Ferdinando, was not yet of legal maturity to succeed him, thus Maria Maddalena and his grandmother, Christina of Lorraine, acted as regents. Their collective regency is known as the ''Turtici''. Maria Maddelana's temperament was analogous to Christina's, and together they aligned Tuscany with the [[Papal States|papacy]], re-doubled the Tuscan clergy, and allowed the [[heresy]] trial of Galileo Galilei to occur.<ref>Acton, p. 111.</ref> Upon the death of the last [[Francesco Maria II della Rovere|Duke of Urbino]] (Francesco Maria II), instead of claiming the duchy for Ferdinando, who was married to the Duke of Urbino's granddaughter and heiress, [[Vittoria Della Rovere|Vittoria della Rovere]], they permitted it to be annexed by [[Pope Urban VIII]]. In 1626, they banned any Tuscan subject from being educated outside the Grand Duchy, a law later overturned, but resurrected by Maria Maddalena's grandson, [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo III]].<ref name=Acton192>Acton, p. 192.</ref> [[Harold Acton]], an Anglo-Italian historian, ascribed the decline of Tuscany to the ''Turtici'' regency.<ref name=Acton192/>
Grand Duke Ferdinado was obsessed with new technology, and had a variety of hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, and telescopes installed in the [[Palazzo Pitti]].<ref>Acton, p. 27.</ref> In 1657, [[Leopoldo de' Medici]], the Grand Duke's youngest brother, established the [[Accademia del Cimento]], organized to attract scientists to Florence from all over Tuscany for mutual study.<ref>Acton, p. 38.</ref>
Tuscany participated in the [[Wars of Castro]] (the last time Medicean Tuscany proper was involved in a conflict) and inflicted a defeat on the forces of Pope Urban VIII in 1643.<ref name=Hale180>Hale, p. 180.</ref> The war effort was costly and the treasury so empty because of it that when the Castro mercenaries were paid for, the state could no longer afford to pay interest on government bonds, with the result that the interest rate was lowered by 0.75%.<ref>Hale, p. 181.</ref> At that time, the economy was so decrepit that [[barter trade]] became prevalent in rural market places.<ref name=Hale180/>
Ferdinando died on 23 May 1670 afflicted by [[apoplexy]] and [[dropsy]]. He was interred in the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence|Basilica of San Lorenzo]], the Medici's necropolis.<ref>Acton, p. 108.</ref> At the time of his death, the population of the grand duchy was 730,594; the streets were lined with grass and the buildings on the verge of collapse in [[Pisa]].<ref>Acton, p. 112.</ref>
Ferdinando's marriage to Vittoria della Rovere produced two children: Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, and [[Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro]]. Upon Vittoria's death in 1694, her [[Allodial title|allodial]] possessions, the Duchies of Rovere and [[Montefeltro]], passed to her younger son.
===18th century: the fall of the dynasty===
[[File:Volterrano, Cosimo III de' Medici in grand ducal robes (Warsaw Royal Castle).jpg|thumb|Cosimo III, the Medicean grand duke, in Grand Ducal regalia]]
[[File:Antonio Bellucci 001.jpg|thumb|[[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici]], the last of the Grand Ducal line, in ''Minerva, Merkur und Plutus huldigen der Kurfürstin Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici'' ({{lang-en|Minerva, Mercury and Pluto pay homage to the Electress Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici}}) after [[Antonio Bellucci]], 1706]]
Cosimo III married [[Marguerite Louise d'Orléans]], a granddaughter of [[Henry IV of France]] and Marie de' Medici. An exceedingly discontented pairing, this union produced three children, notably [[Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici|Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici, Electress Palatine]], and the last Medicean Grand Duke of Tuscany, [[Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Gian Gastone de' Medici]].
[[Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine]], Anna Maria Luisa's spouse, successfully requisitioned the dignity ''Royal Highness'' for the Grand Duke and his family in 1691, despite the fact that they had no claim to any kingdom.<ref>Acton, p. 182.</ref> Cosimo frequently paid the Holy Roman Emperor, his nominal feudal overlord, exorbitant dues,<ref>Acton, p. 243.</ref> and he sent munitions to the emperor during the [[Battle of Vienna]].
The Medici lacked male heirs, and by 1705, the grand ducal treasury was virtually bankrupt. In comparison to the 17th century, the population of Florence declined by 50%, and the population of the grand duchy as a whole declined by an estimated 40%.<ref>Strathern, p. 392.</ref> Cosimo desperately tried to reach a settlement with the European powers, but Tuscany's legal status was very complicated: the area of the grand duchy formerly comprising the [[Republic of Siena]] was technically a Spanish fief, while the territory of the old [[Republic of Florence]] was thought to be under imperial [[suzerainty]]. Upon the death of his first son, Cosimo contemplated restoring the Florentine republic, either upon Anna Maria Luisa's death, or on his own, if he predeceased her. The restoration of the republic would entail resigning Siena to the Holy Roman Empire, but, regardless, it was vehemently endorsed by his government. Europe largely ignored Cosimo's plan. Only Great Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]] gave any credence to it, and the plan ultimately died with Cosimo III in 1723.<ref>Hale, p. 191.</ref>
On 4 April 1718, Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic (also later, Austria) selected [[Charles III of Spain|Don Carlos of Spain]], the elder child of [[Elisabeth Farnese]] and [[Philip V of Spain]], as the Tuscan heir. By 1722, the electress was not even acknowledged as heiress, and Cosimo was reduced to spectator at the conferences for Tuscany's future.<ref>Acton, p. 175.</ref> On 25 October 1723, six days before his death, Grand Duke Cosimo disseminated a final proclamation commanding that Tuscany stay independent: Anna Maria Luisa would succeed uninhibited to Tuscany after Gian Gastone, and the grand duke reserved the right to choose his successor. However, these portions of his proclamation were completely ignored, and he died a few days later.
Gian Gastone despised the electress for engineering his catastrophic marriage to [[Anna Maria Franziska of Saxe-Lauenburg]]; while she abhorred her brother's liberal policies, he repealed all of his father's anti-Semitic statutes. Gian Gastone revelled in upsetting her.<ref>Acton, p. 280.</ref> On 25 October, 1731, a Spanish detachment occupied Florence on behalf of Don Carlos, who disembarked in Tuscany in December of the same year.
The ''Ruspanti'', Gian Gastone's decrepit entourage, loathed the electress, and she them. Duchess [[Violante of Bavaria]], Gian Gastone's sister-in-law, tried to withdraw the grand duke from the sphere of influence of the ''Ruspanti'' by organising banquets. His conduct at the banquets was less than regal; he often vomited repeatedly into his napkin, belched, and regaled those present with socially inappropriate jokes.<ref>Acton, p. 188.</ref> Following a sprained ankle in 1731, he remained confined to his bed for the rest of his life. The bed, often smelling of [[feces|faeces]], was occasionally cleaned by Violante.
In 1736, following the [[War of the Polish Succession]], Don Carlos was disbarred from Tuscany, and [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis III of Lorraine]] was made heir in his stead.<ref>Acton, p. 301.</ref> In January 1737, the Spanish troops withdrew from Tuscany, and were replaced by Austrians.
Gian Gastone died on 9 July 1737, surrounded by prelates and his sister. Anna Maria Luisa was offered a nominal [[regent|regency]] by the Prince de Craon until the new grand duke could peregrinate to Tuscany, but declined.<ref>Acton, p. 304.</ref> Upon her brother's death, she received all the House of Medici's allodial possessions.
Anna Maria Luisa signed the ''Patto di Famiglia'' ("family pact") on 31 October 1737. In collaboration with the Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke Francis of Lorraine, she [[will (law)|willed]] all the personal property of the Medici to the Tuscan state, provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.yourwaytoflorence.com/anna-maria-luisa-de-medici.htm|title=Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici – Electress Palatine|access-date= 3 September 2009}}</ref>
The "Lorrainers", as the occupying forces were called, were popularly loathed, but the regent, the Prince de Craon, allowed the electress to live unperturbed in the [[Palazzo Pitti]]. She occupied herself with financing and overseeing the construction of the [[Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence|Basilica of San Lorenzo]], started in 1604 by [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando I]], at a cost to the state of 1,000 crowns per week.<ref>Acton, p. 209.</ref>
The electress donated much of her fortune to charity: £4,000 a month.<ref>Acton, p. 310.</ref> On 19 February 1743, she died, and the grand ducal line of the House of Medici died with her. The Florentines grieved her,<ref>Acton, p. 309.</ref> and she was interred in the crypt that she helped to complete, San Lorenzo.
The extinction of the main Medici dynasty and the accession in 1737 of [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis Stephen]], [[Lorraine (province)|Duke of Lorraine]] and husband of [[Maria Theresa of Austria]], led to Tuscany's temporary inclusion in the territories of the [[Austria]]n crown. The line of the [[Princes of Ottajano]], an extant branch of the House of Medici who were eligible to inherit the grand duchy of Tuscany when the last male of the senior branch died in 1737, could have carried on as Medici sovereigns but for the intervention of Europe's major powers, which allocated the sovereignty of Florence elsewhere.
As a consequence, the grand duchy expired and the territory became a [[secundogeniture]] of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg-Lorraine]] dynasty. The first grand duke of the new dynasty, Francis I, was a great-great-great-grandson of Francesco I de' Medici, thus he continued the Medicean Dynasty on the throne of Tuscany through the female line. The Habsburgs were deposed in favor of the [[House of Bourbon|House of Bourbon-Parma]] in 1801 (themselves deposed in 1807), but were later restored at the [[Congress of Vienna]]. Tuscany became a province of the United Kingdom of Italy in 1861. However, several extant branches of the House of Medici survive, including the [[Princes of Ottajano]], the Medici Tornaquinci,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/04/world/florence-journal-where-the-bodies-are-buried-modern-day-medici-feud.html Florence Journal; Where the Bodies Are Buried, Modern-Day Medici Feud, Alan Feuer, New York Times, May 4, 2004]</ref> and the Verona Medici Counts of Caprara and [[Gavardo]].<ref name=auto>Hibbert, p. 60.</ref> (see [[Medici_family_tree#The_descendants_line|Medici family tree]])-->
== Keterangan ==
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