Black Panther Party: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''''Black Panther Party''''' ('''BPP'''), awalnya disebut '''''Black Panther Party for Self-Defense''''', adalah sebuah organisasi politik yang didirikan oleh [[Bobby Seale]] dan [[Huey P. Newton|Huey Newton]] pada Oktober 1966.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Waiting 'Til the Midnight Hour: A Narrative History of Black Power in America|url=https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose|last=Joseph|first=Peniel|authorlink=Peniel E. Joseph|publisher=Henry Holt|year=2006|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/waitingtilmidnig00jose/page/219 219]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand|last=Van Deburg|first=William L.|authorlink=William L. Van Deburg|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=|location=|page=[https://archive.org/details/newdayinbabylonb00vand/page/155 155]}}</ref> Partai ini aktif di [[Amerika Serikat]] dari tahun 1966 hingga 1982, dan beberapa cabang juga beroperasi di [[Britania Raya]] pada awal era 1970-an<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/27/britain-black-power-movement-risk-forgotten-historians|title=Britain's black power movement is at risk of being forgotten, say historians|last=Brown|first=Mark|date=27 December 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 January 2017}}</ref> serta di [[Aljazair]] dari tahun 1969 hingga 1972.<ref>{{Citation|last=Meghelli|first=Samir|contribution="From Harlem to Algiers: Transnational Solidarities Between the African American Freedom Movement and Algeria, 1962-1978"|title=Black Routes to Islam|editor-last=Marable|editor-first=Manning|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2009|pages=99–119.}}</ref>

 

 

Direktur [[FBI]] [[J. Edgar Hoover]] menyebut partai ini sebagai "ancaman terbesar terhadap keamanan internal negara",<ref>{{cite web |title=Hoover and the F.B.I.|url=https://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/people/people_hoover.html|work=Luna Ray Films, LLC|publisher=PBS.org|accessdate=January 24, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hoover Calls Panthers Top Threat to Security|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/147638465|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=The Washington Post|publisher=WP Company LLC d/b/a The Washington Post|date=16 July 1969}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panthers 'threaten' U.S., Hoover says|url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/532216174|accessdate=9 February 2017|work=Afro-American|publisher=Afro - American Company of Baltimore City|date=Jul 26, 1969}}</ref> dan ia memimpin program kontraintelijen ([[COINTELPRO]]) yang melakukan pengawasan, infiltrasi, dan taktik-taktik lainnya untuk melemahkan kelompok ini. Program ini juga dituduh telah membunuh anggota-anggota partai.<ref>''Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, [https://archive.org/stream/finalreportofsel03unit#page/184/mode/2up United States Senate''.]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972|year=1989|url=https://archive.org/details/racialmattersfbi00orei|last=O'Reilly|first=Kenneth|publisher=Free Press|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States|last=Churchill and Vander Wall|first=|publisher=South End Press|year=2002|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Assassination of Fred Hampton: How the FBI and the Chicago Police Murdered a Black Panther|last=Haas|first=Jeffrey|publisher=Chicago Review Press|year=2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>