Wangsa Medici: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Baris 75:
Cosimo Tua dan ayahnya merintis usaha keluarga Medici di bidang perbankan dan manufaktur, termasuk sebuah usaha [[waralaba]]. Pengaruh keluarga Medici kian membesar seiring patronasinya yang kian meluas di bidang pengentasan kemiskinan, seni rupa, dan budaya. Pengaruh keluarga Medici memuncak saat menguasai [[paus (Gereja Katolik)|lembaga kepausan]], dan terus berkembang berabad-abad lamanya seiring perjalanan sejarah Kadipaten Firenze dan Kadipaten Agung Toskana. Separuh atau mungkin saja lebih dari separuh warga Firenze mencari nafkah dengan bekerja sebagai karyawan keluarga Medici dengan sekian banyak perusahaannya.
 
==== Paus-paus Medici ====
[[File:MEDICI TAPESTRY.jpg|thumb|Permadani Perkawinan Medici tahun 1589]]
 
Baris 83:
 
Masa jabatan Paus Klemens VII yang penuh gejolak diwarnai berbagai krisis politik yang timbul susul-menyusul dengan cepat, banyak di antaranya adalah luapan dari krisis-krisis yang sudah muncul sejak lama, dan berbuntut pada [[Jatuhnya Roma (1527)|aksi penjarahan kota Roma]] yang dilakukan pasukan [[Karl V, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Kaisar Romawi Suci]] pada tahun 1527 serta terangkatnya nama Salviati, Altoviti, dan Strozzi sebagai bankir-bankir utama [[Kuria Roma]]wi. Sejak Paus Klemens VII terpilih pada tahun 1523 sampai dengan peristiwa penjarahan kota Roma, pemerintahan Firenze dikepalai [[Ippolito de' Medici]] (kemudian hari menjadi kardinal dan Wakil Kanselir Gereja Roma yang Kudus) dan [[Alessandro de' Medici]] (kemudian hari menjadi Adipati Firenze) yang dua-duanya masih terbilang remaja, bersama para wali mereka. Pada tahun 1530, sesudah menjalin persekutuan dengan Kaisar Karel V, Paus Klemens VII berhasil menjodohkan [[Margaret dari Parma|Margarita de Austria]], putri kaisar, dengan [[Alessandro de' Medici]], anak haram adiknya (menurut desas-desus, Alessandro adalah anak haram Sri Paus sendiri). Paus Klemens VII juga berhasil membujuk kaisar untuk mengangkat Alessandro menjadi Adipati Firenze. Inilah awal mula kedaulatan monarki keluarga Medici atas Firenze selama dua abad.
[[File:Cosimo-GDuke-BR.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cosimo I de' Medici, Karyapatih Toskana|Cosimo I]], pendiri [[Keharyapatihan Toskana|Kadipaten Agung Toskana]]]]<!--
 
Sesudah Alessandro ia dudukkan di atas singgasana kadipaten yang dikuasai keluarga Medici, Paus Klemens VII menikahkan [[Catherine de' Medici|Caterina de' Medici]] (anak perempuan saudara misannya) dengan [[Henri II dari Prancis|Pangeran Henri]], anak Raja Prancis, [[François I dari Prancis|François I]], musuh besar Kaisar Karel V. Dari perkawinan inilah darah keluarga Medici mengalir melalui anak-anak perempuan Caterina ke dalam urat nadi keluarga Kerajaan Spanyol (melalui [[Isabel de Valois|Putri Élisabeth]] yang diperistri Raja Spanyol) dan [[Wangsa Lorraine|keluarga Kadipaten Lothringen]] (melalui [[Claude dari Prancis|Putri Claude]] yang diperistri Adipati Lothringen).
After securing Alessandro de' Medici's dukedom, Pope Clement VII married off his first cousin, twice removed, [[Catherine de' Medici]], to the son of Emperor Charles V's arch-enemy, King [[Francis I of France]]—the future King [[Henry II of France|Henry II]]. This led to the transfer of Medici blood, through Catherine's daughters, to the royal family of Spain through [[Elisabeth of Valois]], and the [[House of Lorraine]] through [[Claude of Valois]].
 
InSesudah 1534lama sakit-sakitan, followingPaus aKlemens lengthyVII illness,tutup Popeusia Clementpada VIItahun died—and1534. withKematiannya himmengakhiri thestabilitas stabilitycabang ofutama thekeluarga Medici's "senior" branch. InPada tahun 1535, Ippolito Cardinal de' Medici diedwafat undertanpa mysterioussebab circumstancesyang jelas. InPada tahun 1536, Alessandro de' Medici marriedmemperistri CharlesMargarita V'sde daughterAustri, Margaretputri ofKaisar Austria;Karel howeverV, thetetapi followingtewas yearpada hesetahun was assassinatedkemudian, bydibunuh asaudara resentfulmisannya cousinsendiri, [[Lorenzino de' Medici]]. The deaths ofKematian Alessandro anddan Ippolito enabledmembuka thejalan Medici'sbagi cabang "junior" branchkeluarga Medici menuju tampuk tokekuasaan leaddi FlorenceFirenze.
 
==== Adipati-adipati Medici Dukes====
AnotherSalah outstandingseorang figuretokoh ofkeluarga theMedici 16th-centuryyang Medicimenonjol familypada wasabad ke-16 adalah Cosimo I,. whoMeskipun roseberstatus frombiasa-biasa relativelysaja modestdi beginnings in thedaerah [[Mugello region|Mugello]], toia attainberhasil supremacymenjadi overpenguasa the whole ofseluruh [[TuscanyToskana]].<!-- Against the opposition of [[Catherine de' Medici]], [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival [[Siena]] and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of [[Elba]] from the [[Republic of Genoa]] and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Francesco]], whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando]], in 1587. Francesco married [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Johanna of Austria]], and with his consort produced [[Eleonora de' Medici]], Duchess of Mantua, and [[Marie de' Medici]], Queen of France and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the [[House of Bonaparte|Napoleons]]) were descended from Francesco.
 
Another outstanding figure of the 16th-century Medici family was Cosimo I, who rose from relatively modest beginnings in the [[Mugello region|Mugello]] to attain supremacy over the whole of [[Tuscany]]. Against the opposition of [[Catherine de' Medici]], [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]] and their allies, he prevailed in various battles to conquer Florence's hated rival [[Siena]] and found the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Cosimo purchased a portion of the island of [[Elba]] from the [[Republic of Genoa]] and based the Tuscan navy there. He died in 1574, succeeded by his eldest surviving son [[Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Francesco]], whose death without male heirs led to the succession of his younger brother, [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Ferdinando]], in 1587. Francesco married [[Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany|Johanna of Austria]], and with his consort produced [[Eleonora de' Medici]], Duchess of Mantua, and [[Marie de' Medici]], Queen of France and Navarre. Through Marie, all succeeding French monarchs (bar the [[House of Bonaparte|Napoleons]]) were descended from Francesco.
 
Ferdinando eagerly assumed the government of Tuscany. He commanded the draining of the Tuscan marshlands, built a road network in southern Tuscany and cultivated trade in [[Livorno]].<ref name=Hale151>Hale, p. 150.</ref> To augment the Tuscan silk industry, he oversaw the planting of [[Morus (plant)|mulberry trees]] along the major roads (silk worms feed on mulberry leaves).<ref>Hale, p. 151.</ref> In foreign affairs, he shifted Tuscany away from Habsburg<ref>Austria and Spain were ruled by the House of Habsburg; the two are interchangeable terms for the Habsburg domains in the time period in question.</ref> [[hegemony]] by marrying the first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, [[Christina of Lorraine]], a granddaughter of Catherine de' Medici. The Spanish reaction was to construct a [[citadel]] on their portion of the island of Elba.<ref name=Hale151/> To strengthen the new Franco-Tuscan alliance, he married his niece, Marie, to [[Henry IV of France]]. Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to [[Maria Maddalena of Austria]] to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret]] was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the [[New World]] with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.