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==== Para adipati de' Medici ====
Salah seorang sesepuh keluarga Medici yang menonjol pada abad ke-16 adalah Cosimo I. Meskipun mula-mula hanya tergolong orang kebanyakan di daerah [[Mugello]], Cosimo akhirnya berhasil menjadi penguasa seluruh [[Toskana]].<!-- AgainstKendati the opposition ofdintentang [[Catherine de' Medici|Caterina de' Medici]], [[PopePaus Paul III|PaulPaulus III]], anddan theirsekutu-sekutu alliesmereka, heCosimo prevailedberulang inkali variousmaju battlesbertempur todemi conquer Florence's hated rivalmenaklukkan [[Siena]], andsaingan foundFirenze, thedan Grandmendirikan DuchyKadipaten ofAgung TuscanyToskana. Cosimo purchasedmembeli asebagian portion of the island ofPulau [[Elba]] from thedari [[Republic ofRepublik GenoaGenova]] anddan basedmenjadikannya thepangkalan Tuscanangkatan navylaut thereToskana. HeIa diedmangkat inpada tahun 1574, succeededdan bydigantikan hisputra eldesttertuanya survivingyang sonmasih hidup, [[Francesco I de' Medici, GrandHaryapatih Duke of TuscanyToskana|Francesco]],. whoseSesudah deathFrancesco withoutmangkat maletanpa heirsmeninggalkan ledketurunan to the succession of his youngerlaki-laki, brotheradiknya, [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke ofHaryapatih TuscanyToskana|Ferdinando]], innaik takhta menggantikannya pada tahun 1587. Francesco marriedmemperistri [[JoannaJohanna ofdari Austria, GrandIstri DuchessHaryapatih of TuscanyToskana|Putri Johanna ofvon AustriaÖsterreich]], anddan with his consort producedmemperanakkan [[Eleonora de' Medici]], Duchessyang kemudian hari menjadi Permaisuri ofKadipaten Mantua, anddan [[MarieMaria de' Medici]], Queenyang ofkemudian Francehari andmenjadi NavarrePermaisuri Kerajaan Prancis dan Navara. ThroughMelalui MarieMaria de' Medici, allseluruh succeedingkepala Frenchmonarki monarchsPrancis (barkecuali thetrah [[House ofwangsa Bonaparte|NapoleonsNapoleon]]) were descendedtermasuk fromnasab Francesco.
Ferdinando eagerlynaikh assumedtakhta thedengan governmentsemangat of Tuscanymenggebu-gebu. HeIa commandedmemerintahkan thepengeringan drainingdaerah ofrawa-rawa thedi Tuscan marshlandsToskana, builtmembangun ajaringan roadjalan networkraya indi southernkawasan selatan Toskana, Tuscanydan andmerintis cultivatedkegiatan tradeperdagangan indi [[Livorno]].<ref name=Hale151>Hale, phlm. 150.</ref> ToDemi augmentmemperbesar theindustri Tuscansutra silk industryToskana, he oversawia thememerintahkan planting ofpenanaman pohon-[[Morus (plant)bebesaran|mulberrypohon treesmurbei]] alongdi sepanjang thetepi majorjalan roadsraya (silkdaun wormsmurbei feedadalah onpakan mulberryulat leavessutra).<ref>Hale, phlm. 151.</ref> InDi foreignbidang affairsurusan luar negeri, heia shiftedmelepaskan Tuscanynegeri awayToskana fromdari [[hegemoni|mandala keluasaan]] wangsa Habsburg<ref>Austria anddan SpainSpanyol wereketika ruleditu bydiperintah thepenguasa-penguasa Housedari ofwangsa Habsburg; thewilayah twokedaulatan arewangsa interchangeableHabsburg termsketika foritu thedapat Habsburgpula domainsdisebut inAustria themaupun time period in questionSpanyol.</ref> dengan mengawini [[hegemony]]Cristina bydari marryingLorraine|Putri theChristine first non-Habsburg marriage candidate since Alessandro, [[Christina ofde Lorraine]], asalah granddaughterseorang ofcucu CatherineCaterina de' Medici, alih-alih mempersunting seorang putri wangsa Habsburg seperti abangnya. TheSebagai Spanishreaksi reactionterhadap waskeputusan toFerdinando constructini, aSpanyol membangun [[citadelbenteng kota|benteng]] on theirdi portionkawasan ofmilik theSpanyol islanddi ofPulau Elba.<ref name=Hale151/> ToDemi strengthenmemperkukuh thepersekutuan newdengan Franco-Tuscan alliancePrancis, heia marriedmengawinkan his niecekemenakannya, MarieMaria de' Medici, todengan Raja Prancis, [[HenryHenri IV ofdari FrancePrancis|Henri IV]].<!-- Henry explicitly stated that he would defend Tuscany from Spanish aggression, but later reneged, after which Ferdinando was forced to marry his heir, Cosimo, to [[Maria Maddalena of Austria]] to assuage Spain (where Maria Maddalena's sister [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret]] was the incumbent Queen consort). Ferdinando also sponsored a Tuscan expedition to the [[New World]] with the intention of establishing a Tuscan colony, an enterprise that brought no result for permanent colonial acquisitions.
Despite all of these incentives for economic growth and prosperity, the population of Florence at the dawn of the 17th century was a mere 75,000, far smaller than the other capitals of Italy: Rome, Milan, Venice, Palermo and Naples.<ref>Hale, p. 158.</ref> Francesco and Ferdinando, due to lax distinction between Medici and Tuscan state property, are thought to have been wealthier than their ancestor, Cosimo de' Medici, the founder of the dynasty.<ref name=Hale160>Hale, p. 160.</ref> The Grand Duke alone had the prerogative to exploit the state's mineral and salt resources, and the fortunes of the Medici were directly tied to the Tuscan economy.<ref name=Hale160/>
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