Varian SARS-CoV-2: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Latar belakang ==
Meskipun kemunculan SARS-CoV-2 dihasilkan oleh [[rekombinasi genetika]] antara virus corona seperti [[SARS]] yang terdapat pada [[kelelawar]] dan [[tenggiling]] (melalui transmisi antar spesies),<ref name="SARS-CoV-2 emergence due to recombination event">{{cite journal |last1=Shahhosseini |first1=Nariman |last2=Wong |first2=Gary |last3=Kobinger |first3=Gary |last4=Chinikar |first4=Sadegh |title=SARS-CoV-2 spillover transmission due to recombination event |journal=Gene Reports |date=2021 |volume=23 |page=101045 |doi=10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101045 |pmid=33615041 |pmc=7884226 |url=}}</ref> mutasi memainkan peranan yang penting pada [[evolusi]] dan kemunculan varian SARS-CoV-2 baru. <ref name="SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern">{{cite journal |last1=Shahhosseini |first1=Nariman |last2=Babuadze |first2=George |last3=Wong |first3=Gary |last4=Kobinger |first4=Gary |title=Mutation Signatures and In Silico Docking of Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern |journal=Microorganisms |date=2021 |volume=9 |issue=5 |page=926 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms9050926 |pmid=33925854 |s2cid=233460887 |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/9/5/926 |access-date=4 May 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Varian penting ==
{{kembangkan bagian|date=Maret 2021}}
=== Cluster 5 ===
{{utama|Cluster 5}}
[[Cluster 5]], juga disebut sebagai ΔFVI-spike oleh [[State Serum Institute]] (SSI) Denmark, ditemukan di [[Jutlandia]] Utara, [[Denmark]], dan diyakini telah menyebar dari [[mink]] ke manusia melalui [[peternakan bulu]]. Pada 4 November 2020, diumumkan bahwa populasi cerpelai di Denmark akan dimusnahkan untuk mencegah kemungkinan penyebaran mutasi ini dan mengurangi risiko terjadinya mutasi baru. Karantina wilayah dan pembatasan perjalanan diberlakukan di tujuh kota di Jutlandia Utara untuk mencegah penyebaran mutasi yang dapat membahayakan tanggapan [[Pandemi COVID-19 di Denmark|nasional]] atau internasional terhadap [[pandemi COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sum.dk/Aktuelt/Nyheder/Coronavirus/2020/November/De-fleste-restriktioner-lempes-i-Nordjylland.aspx |title=De fleste restriktioner læmpes i Nordjylland |date=19 November 2020 |publisher=Sundheds- og Ældreministeriet |trans-title=Kebanyakan Pembatasan Sosial di Jutlandia Utara Dilonggarkan}}</ref>
=== Garis keturunan B.1.1.7 (Alpha) ===
{{utama|Garis keturunan B.1.1.7}}
[[Garis keturunan B.1.1.7]],<ref>{{cite report |author1=Rambaut, Andrew |author2=Loman, Nick |author3=Pybus, Oliver |author4=Barclay, Wendy |author5=Barrett, Jeff |author6=Carabelli, Alesandro |author7=Connor, Tom |author8=Peacock, Tom |author9=L. Robertson, David |author10=Vol, Erik |year=2020 |title=Preliminary genomic characterisation of an emergent SARS-CoV-2 lineage in the UK defined by a novel set of spike mutations |publisher=Written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics Consortium UK |url=https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563 |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> disebut juga 20I/501Y.V1 atau Variant of Concern 202012/01 (VOC-202012/01),<ref name="Chand2020">{{cite report |last1=Chand |first1=Meera |last2=Hopkins |first2=Susan |last3=Dabrera |first3=Gavin |last4=Achison |first4=Christina |last5=Barclay |first5=Wendy |last6=Ferguson |first6=Neil |last7=Volz |first7=Erik |last8=Loman |first8=Nick |last9=Rambaut |first9=Andrew |last10=Barrett |first10=Jeff |date=21 Desember 2020 |title=Investigation of novel SARS-COV-2 variant: Variant of Concern 202012/01 |publisher=[[Public Health England]] |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/947048/Technical_Briefing_VOC_SH_NJL2_SH2.pdf |access-date=23 Desember 2020}}</ref> sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Variant Under Investigation pertama pada Desember 2020 (VUI-202012/01), pertama kali terdeteksi pada Oktober 2020 selama [[pandemi COVID-19 di Britania Raya]] dari sampel yang diambil bulan sebelumnya.<ref name="CDC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html |author=CDC |title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Sejak itu, prevalensinya menjadi dua kali lipat setiap 6,5 hari, perkiraan interval generasinya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://khub.net/documents/135939561/338928724/New+SARS-COV-2+variant+-+information+and+risk+assessment.pdf/b56d4591-0466-1a18-28dc-010e0fdeef53?t=1608569319930 |title=New evidence on VUI-202012/01 and review of the public health risk assessment |date=15 Desember 2020 |website=khub.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3CT9N89L-c&t=9399 |title=COG-UK Showcase Event - YouTube |publisher=YouTube |access-date=25 Desember 2020}}</ref> Varian ini berkorelasi dengan peningkatan yang signifikan pada tingkat infeksi COVID-19 di Britania Raya. Peningkatan ini diperkirakan setidaknya sebagian karena mutasi [[#N501Y|N501Y]]. Pada tanggal 2 Maret 2021, [[Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia|Indonesia]] melaporkan kasus pertamanya untuk varian ini.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dua Kasus Mutasi Corona Asal Inggris Ditemukan di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=CNN Indonesia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20210302120516-20-612595/dua-kasus-mutasi-corona-asal-inggris-ditemukan-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wamenkes Laporkan 2 Kasus Pertama Mutasi Corona B117 di Indonesia |date=2 Maret 2021 |work=detikHealth |url=https://health.detik.com/berita-detikhealth/d-5477409/wamenkes-laporkan-2-kasus-pertama-mutasi-corona-b117-di-indonesia |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jawahir Gustav Rizal |editor=Sari Hardiyanto |date=2 Maret 2021 |title=Mutasi Virus Corona B.1.1.7 Sudah Masuk Indonesia |work=Kompas.com |url=https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/03/02/131116365/mutasi-virus-corona-b117-sudah-masuk-indonesia-ini-informasi-lengkapnya?page=all |access-date=2 Maret 2021}}</ref>
=== Garis keturunan B.1.351 (Beta) ===
{{utama|501.V2 Variant}}
[[501.V2 Variant|Varian 501.V2]], disebut juga 20H/501Y.V2, VOC-202012/02, atau garis keturunan B.1.351,<ref name="CDC1">{{cite web|author=CDC|title=Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us|access-date=4 Januari 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> pertama kali terdeteksi di [[Afrika Selatan]] dan dilaporkan oleh departemen kesehatan negara itu pada tanggal 18 Desember 2020.<ref name="b1351nytimes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/19/world/south-africa-announces-a-new-coronavirus-variant.html |title=South Africa announces a new coronavirus variant |date=18 Desember 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref> Peneliti dan pejabat melaporkan bahwa [[prevalensi]] varian tersebut lebih tinggi di antara orang muda tanpa penyebab yang jelas dan, dibandingkan dengan varian lain, varian ini lebih sering mengakibatkan penyakit serius dalam kasus tersebut.<ref name="b1351washingtonpost">{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/south-africa-coronavirus-second-wave/2020/12/18/d4a51aec-3ff7-11eb-b58b-1623f6267960_story.html |last1=Wroughton |first1=Lesley |last2=Bearak |first2=Max |date=18 Desember 2020 |title=South Africa coronavirus: Second wave fueled by new strain, teen 'rage festivals' |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=20 Desember 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Mkhize |first=Dr Zwelini |date=18 December 2020 |title=Update on Covid-19 (18th December 2020) |location=South Africa |agency=COVID-19 South African Online Portal |url=https://sacoronavirus.co.za/2020/12/18/update-on-covid-19-18th-december-2020/ |access-date=23 Desember 2020 |quote=Our clinicians have also warned us that things have changed and that younger, previously healthy people are now becoming very sick.}}</ref> Departemen Kesehatan Afrika Selatan juga mengindikasikan bahwa varian tersebut mungkin mendorong gelombang kedua [[Pandemi COVID-19 di Afrika Selatan|pandemi COVID-19]] di negara tersebut karena varian tersebut menyebar lebih cepat daripada varian virus sebelumnya lainnya.<ref name="b1351nytimes" /><ref name="b1351washingtonpost" />
=== Garis Keturunan B.1.617 ===
==== Garis Keturunan B.1.617.2 (Delta) ====
'''Varian Delta SARS-CoV-2''', juga dikenal sebagai '''B.1.617.2''',{{efn|Nama lainnya meliputi:<br />– '''G/452R.V3'''<ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update (2 May 2021) |url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/20210504_Weekly_Epi_Update_38.pdf |website=reliefweb.int |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref><br />– '''varian India'''}} adalah sebuah [[Varian SARS-CoV-2|varian]] [[SARS-CoV-2]] [[garis keturunan SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617|bergaris keturunan B.1.617]], [[virus]] yang menyebabkan [[COVID-19]].<ref name="gov.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/confirmed-cases-of-covid-19-variants-identified-in-uk |title=Confirmed cases of COVID-19 variants identified in UK |website=www.gov.uk |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-20}} {{OGL-attribution|version=3.0}}</ref> Varian tersebut dinamai varian Delta oleh WHO melalui sistem penamaan baru yang diperkenalkan pada 31 Mei 2021.<ref name=BBC.May.31.2021>{{cite news |title=Covid: WHO renames UK and other variants with Greek letters |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57308592 |date=2021-05-31 |website=BBC News |access-date=2021-06-08}}</ref> Varian tersebut pertama kali terdeteksi di India pada akhir 2020.<ref name="GISAID">{{cite web |url=https://www.gisaid.org/hcov19-variants/ |title=Tracking of Variants |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=26 April 2021 |website=gisaid.org |publisher=[[GISAID]] |access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="SMC1">{{cite web |title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |website=Science Media Centre |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>
Varian ini bertanggung jawab terhadap sebagian peningkatan kasus pada [[Pandemi COVID-19 di India|gelombang kedua pandemi di India]] yang dimulai sejak Februari 2021.<ref name=":0">[https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/11/india-covid-explainer-what-we-know-about-the-bpoint1point617-variant.html WHO labels a Covid strain in India as a ‘variant of concern’ — here’s what we know], CNBC, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57067190 WHO says India Covid variant of 'global concern'], BBC News, 11 May 2021.</ref><ref>[https://science.thewire.in/health/covid-19-the-second-wave-may-not-be-the-last-but-which-one-will-be/ India’s second COVID-19 wave], The Wire Science, 22 April 2021.</ref>
== Mutasi penting ==
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