Mata Hari: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{untuk|kegunaan lain|Matahari (disambiguasi)}}
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{{Infobox
| honorific_prefix =
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| honorific_suffix =
|parents =Adam Zelle <br/>Antje van der Meulen ▼
| nickname =
| image = Mata Hari 13.jpg
|birth_name = Margaretha Geertruida Zelle▼
| image_size =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1876|08|07}}▼
| alt =
|birth_place = [[Leeuwarden]], {{Flag|Belanda}}▼
| caption = Mata Hari, oleh [[Léopold-Émile Reutlinger]], 1906
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1917|10|15|1876|08|07}}▼
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| service = [[Deuxième Bureau]]
| serviceyears = 1916–1917
| rank =
| operation =
|residence =▼
| award =
|nationality = [[Belanda]]▼
| codename1 =
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|alma_mater =▼
| codename4 =
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| codename7 =
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| other =
▲| birth_name = Margaretha Geertruida Zelle
▲| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1876|08|07}}
▲| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1917|10|15|1876|08|07}}
| death_place = [[Vincennes]], [[Republik Ketiga Prancis]]
| death_cause = [[Penghukuman mati dengan regu tembak]]
| buried =
|religion =▼
▲| nationality = [[Bangsa Belanda|Belanda]]
▲| religion =
▲| residence =
▲| parents = Adam Zelle (father) <br /> Antje van der Meulen (mother)
| spouse = {{marriage|Rudolf John MacLeod|1895|1906|reason=div}}
| children = 2
| occupation ={{hlist|Penari eksotis|pelacur|mata-mata}}
▲| alma_mater =
| signature = Berkas:Mata Haris Unterschrift..png
| module =
}}
'''Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod''' (nama lahir: '''Zelle'''; 7 Agustus 1876{{snds}}15 Oktober 1917), lebih dikenal dengan nama panggung '''Mata Hari''', adalah seorang [[Tari telanjang|penari eksotis]] dan [[pelacur]] [[Belanda]] yang dihukum karena menjadi mata-mata [[Jerman]] selama [[Perang Dunia I]]. Banyak orang masih percaya dia tidak bersalah<ref>{{cite news |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-28863720070807 |title=Mata Hari was a scapegoat, not a spy – biographer |work=Reuters |first=Belinda |last=Goldsmith |date=7 August 2007 |quote=“But the evidence is quite strong that she was completely innocent of espionage,” Shipman, a professor of anthropology at Pennsylvania State University, told Reuters. “When she was arrested the war was going very badly for the French and she was a foreigner, very sexy, having affairs with everyone, and living lavishly while people in Paris had no bread. There was a lot of resentment against her.” Shipman said Mata Hari’s standing in 1917 was similar to that of Marilyn Monroe in the 1960s—she was recognizable everywhere and considered the sexiest, most desirable women in Europe. “This is part of why it is so ludicrous to think she was a spy. She couldn’t be clandestine and sneak around. She couldn’t help but attract attention,” said Shipman, whose book ''Femme Fatale: Love, Lies and the Unknown Life of Mata Hari'' ({{ISBN|978-0297856276}}) has just been released.}}</ref> mereka beranggapan bahwa Tentara Prancis hanya membutuhkan kambing hitam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/11-12/mata-hari-history-killing/ |title=Why Mata Hari Wasn't a Cunning Spy After All |date=12 November 2017 |work=National Geographic |url-access=subscription |quote=In 1916 the war was going badly for the French. Two of the longest and bloodiest battles of the war—Verdun and the Somme—pitted the French against the Germans for months at a time. The mud, bad sanitation, disease, and the newly introduced horror of phosgene gas led to the death or maiming of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Eventually, French troops became so demoralized that some refused to fight. Ladoux felt the arrest of a prominent spy could raise French spirits and recharge the war effort.}}</ref><ref name="Howe, Russel Warren 1986">Howe, Russel Warren (1986). ''Mata Hari: The True Story. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company.'' pp. x–xi, 285.</ref> Dia dieksekusi oleh regu tembak di Prancis.<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Mata Hari |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368879 |quote=The daughter of a prosperous hatter, she attended a teachers' college in Leiden. In 1895 she married an officer whose family was of Scottish origin, [[MacLeod|Captain Rudolph MacLeod]], in the Dutch colonial army, and from 1897 to 1902 they lived in Java and Sumatra. The couple returned to Europe but later separated, and she began to dance professionally in Paris in 1905 under the name of Lady MacLeod. She soon called herself Mata Hari, said to be a Malay expression for the sun (literally, "eye of the day"). Tall, extremely attractive, superficially acquainted with East Indian dances, and willing to appear virtually nude in public, she was an instant success in Paris and other large cities.|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=21 August 2007 }}</ref>
== Kehidupan ==
Baris 49 ⟶ 51:
Segera setelah ayah Margaretha bangkrut pada tahun 1889, orangtuanya bercerai, dan kemudian ibunya meninggal pada tahun 1891.<ref name="about" /><ref name="world" /> Ayahnya menikah kembali di [[Amsterdam]] pada 9 Februari 1893 dengan Sussana Catharina ten Hoove (11 Maret 1844 - 1 Desember 1913). Akhirnya, Margaretha memutuskan untuk pindah dan hidup bersama walinya, Mr. Visser, di [[Sneek]], [[Leiden]]. Di sana, ia belajar untuk menjadi guru [[taman kanak-kanak]], tetapi ketika [[kepala sekolah]] mulai menggodanya dengan menyentuhnta, ia dikeluarkan dari [[taman kanak-kanak]] oleh ayah baptisnya yang tersinggung.<ref name="about" /><ref name="world" /><ref name="Mata Hari">Denise Noe [http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hari/1.html Mata Hari] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209235715/http://www.crimelibrary.com/terrorists_spies/spies/hari/1.html |date=9 February 2015 }}. Crimelibrary.com. Retrieved on 15 October 2011.</ref>
Ia pernah ditinggal mati anak laki-lakinya akibat keracunan, dan bercerai tahun [[1906]] dari suaminya, seorang angkatan laut Belanda yang usianya terpaut 20 tahun lebih tua darinya. Sebelumnya ia dan suaminya pernah tinggal di Jawa dan Sumatra antara 1897-1902.<ref name=eb
Kehidupannya yang penuh liku banyak difilmkan dalam berbagai versi. Dari ''Mata Hari'' ([[1931]]), yang dibintangi oleh [[Greta Garbo]]; ''Mata Hari, Agent H21'' ([[1964]]) versi [[Prancis]] oleh [[Jeanne Moreau]], sampai [[film]] ''Mata Hari'' versi ketiga ([[1985]]), termasuk film Indonesia berjudul [[Sang Penari]] (2007), bintang nasional [[Prisia Nasution]] berperan sebagai agen rahasia ini, yang diangkat dari novel dengan judul sama, karya [[Dukut Imam Widodo]].
Baris 87 ⟶ 89:
== Referensi ==
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