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{{Audio|He-Bet_Shean.ogg|'''Beit She'an'''}} ({{lang-he-n|בֵּית שְׁאָן}} ''Bayt Šān''; {{lang-ar|بيسان}}, ''{{Audio|Ar-Bisan.ogg|Beesān}}'', ''Beisan'' atau ''Bisan'')<ref name="Shahin" /> adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di [[Distrik Utara, Israel|Distrik Utara]], [[Israel]] yang memainkan peranan sejarah yang teramat penting berdasarkan lokasi geografisnya yang terletak di persimpangan dari lembah [[Sungai Yordan]] dan [[lembah Jezreel]]. Kota ini juga memainkan peranan yang teramat penting di dunia modern, di mana ia bertindak sebagai pusat kegiatan regional untuk beberapa desa di sekitarnya.
 
 
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==History and geography==
Beit She'an's location has often been strategically significant, as it sits at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the [[Jezreel Valley]], essentially controlling access from the interior to the coast, as well as from [[Jerusalem]] to the [[Galilee]]. Its name is believed to derive from the early [[Canaanite language|Canaanite]] "house of tranquility".{{Citation needed|date=May 2007}}
 
Beit She'an is first listed among [[Thutmose III]]'s conquests in the fifteenth century BC, and the remains of an [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] administrative center from the [[Late Period of Ancient Egypt|XVIII and XIX dynasties]] have been excavated. The [[Bible]] mentions it as a [[Canaan]]ite city within the tribe of Manasseh in the [[Book of Joshua]], chapter 17, verse 11 (also [[Book of Judges]] 1:27), and its conquest by [[David]] and inclusion in the later kingdom is noted, and large [[Solomon]]ic administrative buildings destroyed by [[Tiglath-pileser III]] were uncovered from this period.<ref name=JVL>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Archaeology/Beitshean.html|title=Beit She'an|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref> Its ninth century BC biblical capture by the [[Pharaoh]] [[Shishaq]] is corroborated by his victory list.
 
===Scythopolis===
During the [[Hellenistic period]] it had a [[Hellenization|Hellenised population]] and was called '''Scythopolis''', probably named after the [[Scythians|Scythian]] mercenaries who settled there as veterans, and [[Greek mythology]] has the city founded by [[Dionysus]] and his nursemaid [[Nysa (mythology)|Nysa]] buried there; thus it was known as '''Nysa-Scythopolis'''. Beit She'an is mentioned in 3rd-2nd centuries BC written sources describing the wars of the [[Diadochi]] between the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemid]] and [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] dynasties, as well as in the context of the [[Hasmonean]] [[Maccabees|Maccabee Revolt]], who ultimately destroyed the [[polis]] in the 2nd century BC.<ref name="JVL" />
 
In 64 BC it was taken by the Romans, rebuilt, and made the capital of the [[Decapolis]], the "Ten Cities" of [[Samaria]] that were centers of Greco-Roman culture, an event so significant that it based its [[calendar]] on that year. [[Pax Romana]] favoured the city, evidenced by its high-level urban planning and extensive construction including the best preserved [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]] of ancient [[Samaria]] as well as a [[hippodrome]], [[cardo]], and other trademarks of the Roman influence. Mount [[Gilboa (ridge)|Gilboa]], {{convert|7|km|mi}} away, provided dark [[basalt]] blocks as well as water via [[aqueduct]]. Many of the buildings of Scythopolis were damaged in the [[Galilee earthquake of 363]], and in 409 it became the capital of the northern district, ''Palaestina Secunda''.<ref name="JVL" />
 
During the 4th-7th century [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] period, Beit She'an was primarily Christian, as attested to by the large number of churches, but Jewish and a [[Samaritan]] synagogue remains indicate established communities of these minorities. The pagan temple in the city centre was destroyed, but the [[nymphaeum]] and [[Thermae|Roman baths]] were restored. Many [[Dedication|dedicatory inscription]]s indicate a preference for donations to religious buildings, and many colourful [[mosaic]]s, such as that featuring the [[zodiac]] in the Monastery of Lady Mary, or the one picturing a [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] and [[shalom]] in the House of Leontius' Jewish synagogue, were preserved. A Samaritan synagogue's mosaic was unique in abstaining from human or animal images, instead utilising floral and geometrical motifs. Elaborate decorations were also found in the settlement's many luxurious villas, and in the 6th century especially, the city reached its maximum size of 40,000 and spread beyond its period [[Defensive wall|city wall]]s.<ref name="JVL" />
[[Berkas:Beit Shean - Ancient Schytopolis.jpg|thumb|right|350px|View of ancient Beit She'an]]
 
===Beisan===
In 634, Byzantine forces were defeated by the Muslim forces of [[Umar|Caliph Omar Ibn al-Khatab]] and the city was renamed Beisan. The day of victory came to be known in Arabic as ''Yaum Beisan'' or "the day of Beisan."<ref name="Shahin" /> The city was not damaged and the newly arrived Muslims lived together with its Christian population until the 8th century, but the city declined during this period and its glorious Roman-Byzantine architecture was lost to neglect. Structures were built in the streets themselves, narrowing them to mere alleyways, and makeshift shops were opened among the colonnades. The city reached a low point by the 8th century, witnessed by the removal of [[marble]] for producing [[Calcium oxide|lime]], the blocking off of the main street, and the conversion of a main plaza into a cemetery.<ref name="JVL" />[[Al-Muqaddasi]] wrote that Beisan was "on the river, with plentiful palm trees, and water, though somewhat heavy (brackish)" and Abi Obeid al-Andalusi noted that the wine produced there was delicious.<ref name="Shahin" />
 
On January 18, 749, Umayyad Beisan was completely devastated by the [[Golan earthquake of 749]]. A few residential neighborhoods grew up on the ruins, probably established by the survivors, but the city never recovered its magnificence. The city center moved to the southern hill where a Crusader fortress surrounded by a moat was constructed.<ref>[http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=17&sub_subj_id=328&id=662#as Israel Antiquities Authority, Death of a City]</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Beyt-Shean-old-city-706.jpg|thumb|right|Remains of Crusader fortress in Beit She'an.]]
[[Crusade]]rs established a [[Crusader states|fiefdom]] and fortress called [[Belvoir Fortress (Palestina)|Belvoir]] (Beauvoir) circa 1140 about {{convert|15|km|mi}} north of modern Beit She'an. They were besieged and then ejected circa 1190. The site is now a national park.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parks.org.il/ParksENG/company_card.php3?CNumber=420742|publisher=parks.org.il|title=Cochav Hayarden National Park|accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref>
 
During [[Mamluk]] rule, Beit She'an was the principal town in the district of [[Damascus]] and a relay station for the postal service between Damascus and [[Cairo]]. It was also the capital of sugar cane processing for the region. Jisr al-Maqtua', a bridge consisting of a single arch spanning 25 feet and hung 50 feet above a stream, was built during that period.<ref name="Shahin" />
 
Beit She'an was long home to a Jewish community during its centuries as an Arab town. The 14th century Jewish [[topographer]] [[Ishtori Haparchi]] settled there and completed his work ''Kaftor Vaferech'' in 1322, the first Hebrew book on the geography of Palestine.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078948/Bet-Shean|title=Bet She'an|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref>
 
During the 400 years of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, Beisan lost its regional importance. During the reign of Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] when the [[Haifa]]-Damascus extension of the [[Hejaz railway]] was constructed, a limited revival took place. The local peasant population was largely impoverished by the Ottoman feudal land system which leased tracts of land to tenants and collected taxes from them for their use.<ref name="Shahin"/>
 
The [[Swiss]]-[[Germans|German]] traveler [[Johann Ludwig Burckhardt]] described Beisan in 1812 as "a village with 70 to 80 houses, whose residents are in a miserable state." In the early 1900s, though still a small and obscure village, Beisan was known for its plentiful water supply, fertile soil, and its production of olives, grapes, figs, almonds, apricots, and apples.<ref name="Shahin" />
 
The [[University of Pennsylvania]] carried out excavations of ancient Beit She'an in 1921–1933. They discovered many interesting relics from the [[Canaanites#Egyptian Canaan|Egyptian period]], most of which are preserved in the [[Rockefeller Museum]] in Jerusalem and some in the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum]] in [[Philadelphia]], [[United States]]. Excavations at the site are ongoing and reveal no less than 18 successive ancient towns.<ref name="Upenn">{{cite web|http://www.sas.upenn.edu/aamw/resources/fieldwork/#Beth%20Shean%20(Israel)|title=Beth Shean (Israel)|work=University of Pennsylvania|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref><ref name="Stanford">{{cite journal|last=Heiser|first=Lauren|date=2000-03-10|url=http://srb.stanford.edu/nur/GP50/laurenh.pdf|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref> Ancient Beit She'an is one of the most impressive Roman and Byzantine sites in Israel, and it attracts approximately 300,000 tourists annually, although most tourists to the region are day visitors on route to other tourism centers.<ref name="Mfa">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Regional%20Projects/Jordan%20Rift%20Valley-%20Tourism|title=Beit She'an|work=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref>
 
[[Berkas:Scythopolis13 by Yukatan.jpg|thumb|left|Scythopolis site]]
 
===20th century===
In 1934, [[Lawrence of Arabia]] noted that "Bisan is now a purely Arab village," where "very fine views of the river can be had from the housetops." He further noted that, "Many nomad and [[Bedouin]] encampments, distinguished by their black tents, were scattered about the riverine plain, their flocks and herds grazing round them."<ref name="Shahin" />
 
Beisan was home to a mainly [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi Jew]]ish community of 95 until 1936, when the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]] saw Beisan serve as a center of Arab attacks on Jews in Palestine.<ref name=Britannica/><ref name=Haaretz>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/831404.html|title=The other Beit She'an|author=Ashkenazi, Eli|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2007-05-11|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Betshean.html|title=Virtual Israel Experience:Bet She'an|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref>
 
In 1938, after learning of the murder of his close friend and Jewish leader Haim Sturmann, [[Orde Wingate]] led his men on an offense in the Arab section of Beit She'an, the rebels’ suspected base.<ref name="Azure">{{cite web|title=Orde Wingate: Friend Under Fire|author=Michael B. Oren|publisher=Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation|date=Winter 2001|accessdate=2007-05-15|url=http://azure.org.il/article.php?id=279}}</ref>
 
According to population surveys conducted in [[British Mandate Palestine]], Beisan consisted of 5,080 Muslim Arabs out of a population of 5,540 (92% of the population), with the remainder being listed as Christians.<ref name="Domino">{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.nsf/3822b5e39951876a85256b6e0058a478/be931279021bcfb4852563d20078d30b!OpenDocument|title=Settled Population Of Palestine|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=2009-02-01}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 1945, the surrounding "Beisan district" consisted of 16,660 Muslims (67%), 7,590 Jews (30%), and 680 Christians (3%), and Arabs owned 44% of land, Jews owned 34%, and 22% constituted public lands. The [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] allocated Beisan and most of its district to the proposed [[Jewish state]].<ref name="Shahin" /><ref>{{cite book|title=A Survey of Palestine: Prepared in December, 1945 and January, 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry|pages=12–13|volume=1|publisher=Institute for Palestine Studies|year=1991|isbn=0-88728-211-3|author=prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry.}}</ref><ref>{{cite map|url=http://domino.un.org/maps/m0094.jpg|title=Land Ownership of Palestine—Map prepared by the government of the British Mandate of Palestine on the instructions of the UN Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestine Question|publisher=[[United Nations]]|accessdate=2008-10-20}}</ref>
 
Jewish militias and local Bedouins first clashed during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] in February and March 1948, part of [[Operation Gideon]],<ref name="Shahin" /> which [[Walid Khalidi]] argues was part of a wider [[Plan Dalet]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine|author=Khalidi, Walid|authorlink=Walid Khalidi|publisher=[[Journal of Palestine Studies]]|volume=18| issue = 1|date=Autumn 1988|accessdate=2007-05-15|pages=4–33|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0377-919X(198823)18%3A1%3C4%3APDMPFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z}}</ref> [[Joseph Weitz]], a leading [[Zionist]] figure, wrote in his diary on May 4, 1948 that, "The Beit Shean Valley is the gate for our state in the Galilee...[I]ts clearing is the need of the hour."<ref name="Shahin" />
 
Beisan fell to the Jewish militias three days before the end of [[British Mandate Palestine]]. After [[Israel's Declaration of Independence]] in May 1948, during intense shelling by Syrian border units, the Arab inhabitants, followed by the recapture of the valley by the Haganah, [[Palestinian exodus|fled]] across the Jordan River.<ref>WPN Tyler, State lands and rural development in mandatory Palestine, 1920-1948, p. 79</ref> The property and buildings abandoned after the conflict were then held by the state of Israel.<ref name=Shahin/> Most [[Arab Christian]]s relocated to [[Nazareth]]. A [[Ma'abarot|ma'abarah]] (refugee camp) inhabited mainly by North African immigrants was also erected in Beit She'an, and it later became a [[development town]].
 
A family of four was held hostage and then killed in 1974 by [[fedayeen]] from the [[Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine#Formation as the PDFLP|Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], who took over their apartment building.<ref name="Haaretz" />
 
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== Galeri ==
<gallery>
Baris 100 ⟶ 47:
Berkas:Bet She'an Theatre stage 1230.jpg|[[Teater]] di Beit Shean
</gallery>
 
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==Demographics==
In 1999, Beit She'an was incorporated as a city.<ref name="7wonders">{{cite web|url=http://www.7wonders.co.il/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94+-+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9F|title=הסראיה - בית שאן|work=7wonders.co.il|language=Hebrew|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref> Geographically, it lies in the middle of the [[Beit She'an Valley Regional Council]].<ref name="Foeme">{{cite web|url=http://www.foeme.org/docs/Brochure_Beit_Shean_English.pdf|title=Beit Shean|work=Friends of the Earth Middle East (FoEME)|accessdate=2009-02-04}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
 
According to the [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] (CBS), the population of the municipality was 16,600 at the end of 2007.<ref name="cbs populations">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2009/table3.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|title=Table 3 - Population of Localities Numbering Above 1,000 Residents and Other Rural Population|date=2008-06-30|accessdate=2008-10-18}}</ref> In 2005, the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.5% [[Jewish]] and other non-Arab (97.3% Jewish), with no significant [[Arab]] population. See [[Population groups in Israel]]. The population breakdown by gender was 8,200 males and 8,100 females.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/publications/local_authorities2005/pdf/120_9200.pdf|format=PDF|title=Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 - Municipality Profiles - Beit She'an|publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=2008-07-05}} {{he icon}}</ref>
 
The age distribution was as follows:
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Age!!0 - 4!!5 - 9!!10 - 14!!15 - 19!!20 - 29!!30 - 44!!45 - 59!!60 - 64!!65 - 74!!75+
|- align="center"
!Percentage
|9.9||9.4||9.4||9.4||17.6||17.7||16.7||2.7||4.4||2.8
|- align="center"
|colspan="11"|<small>Source: [[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]<ref name="profile" /></small>
|}
</center>
 
===Income===
According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 4,980 salaried workers and 301 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is [[New Israeli Shekel|ILS]] 4,200, a real change of 3.3% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 5,314 (a real change of 5.1%) versus ILS 2,998 for females (a real change of -1.0%). The mean income for the self-employed is 6,106. There are 470 people who receive unemployment benefits and 1,409 people who receive an income guarantee.
 
Beit She'an is a centre of Israel's chief cotton-growing region in the surrounding district, and many of its residents are employed to that end in the neighbouring [[kibbutz]]im. Other local industries include a textile mill and clothing factory.<ref name=Britannica/>
 
==Education==
According to CBS, there are 16 schools and 3,809 students in the city. They are spread out as 10 elementary schools and 2,008 elementary school students, and 10 high schools and 1,801 high school students. 56.2% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.
 
==Transport==
Historically, Beit She'an was a railway station in the [[Jezreel Valley railway]], an extension of the [[Hejaz railway]]. Currently, no railway is in use in the city, although a planned expansion by [[Israel Railways]] seeks to change this by Q1 2011.<ref name="Israel Railways">{{cite web|url=http://www.rail.co.il/HE/Development/Planned/Pages/MesilatHaemek.aspx|title=Valley Railway – Haifa–Beit She'an|accessdate=2008-10-20}} {{he icon}}</ref> The main means of transport in Beit She'an is the bus, and the city is served by the [[Egged Bus Cooperative|Egged]] (long-distance, bus 961) and [[Kavim]] (local) bus companies.<ref name="kavim">{{cite web|url=http://www.kavim-t.co.il/content/page.asp?maincat=1&catId=2&PageId=4|title=Kavim - Public Transportation Ltd.|work=Kavim - Public Transportation Ltd.|accessdate=2009-02-07}}</ref>
 
==Sport==
The local football club, [[Hapoel Beit She'an F.C.|Hapoel Beit She'an]] spent several seasons in the top division in the 1990s, but folded in 2006 after several relegations. Maccabi Beit She'an currently play in [[Liga Bet]].
 
==International relations==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Israel}}
===Twin towns — Sister cities===
Beit She&#39;an is [[town twinning|twinned]] with:
*{{Flagicon|USA}} [[Cleveland]], [[United States]] <small>''(Since 1995)''</small><ref name="Cleveland">{{cite web|url=http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2008/05/cleveland_jews_support_israel.html|title=Cleveland Jews support Israel generously|work=cleveland.com|accessdate=2009-02-08}}</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War]]
-->
== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}
 
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==Bibliography==
* Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster: "Urbanism at Scythopolis-Bet Shean in the Fourth to Seventh Centuries", ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers.'' Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. Number Fifty-One, 1997. pp.&nbsp;85–146.
* Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster: "Bet Shean Excavation Project – 1988/1989", ''Excavations and Surveys in Israel 1989/1990.'' Volume 9. Israel Antiquities Authority. Numbers 94-95. Jerusalem 1989/1990, pp.&nbsp;120–128.
* Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster: "The Dating of the 'Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year of 749 C. E.' in Palestine", ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies of London.'' Vol. LV, Part 2. London 1992, pp.&nbsp;231–235.
* Yoram Tsafrir and Gideon Foerster: "From Scythopolis to Baisān: Changes in the perception of the city of Bet Shean during the Byzantine and Arab Eras", ''Cathedra''. For the History of Eretz Israel and its Yishuv, 64. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. Jerusalem, July 1992 (in Hebrew).
* Gideon Foerster and Yoram Tsafrir: "“Nysa-Scythopolis – A New Inscription and the Titles of the City on its Coins", ''The Israel Numismatic Journal.'' Vol. 9, 1986–7, pp.&nbsp;53–58.
*{{Cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, Vol. II, B-C |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EPFDU8POrXIC |first1=Moshe|last1=Sharon|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004110836}} (see [http://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q=&f=false p.195] ff)
-->
 
== Pranala luar ==
{{commonscat|Bet She'an}}
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