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=== Zaman Partia dan Sasani ===
Umat Kristen sudah membentuk paguyuban-paguyuban di [[Mesopotamia]] seawal-awalnya pada abad pertama Masehi, zaman [[Kemaharajaan Partia]]. Pada tahun 266, Mesopotamia dianeksasi [[Kekaisaran Sasaniyah|Kemaharajaan wangsa Sasani]] (dijadikan daerah [[Asōristān]]). Saat itu sudah ada paguyuban-paguyuban Kristen yang cukup besar di daerah [[Mesopotamia Hulu]], [[Elam]], dan [[Provinsi Fars|Fars]].{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=1}}
These early Christian communities in Mesopotamia, Elam, and Fars were reinforced in the 4th and 5th centuries by large-scale deportations of Christians from the eastern [[Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Daniel|Mahdi|2006|p=61}} However, the Persian Church faced several severe persecutions, notably during the reign of [[Shapur II]] (339–79), from the [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] majority who accused it of Roman leanings.{{sfn|Foster|1939|p=26-27}} Shapur II attempted to dismantle the catholicate's structure and put to death some of the clergy including the catholicoi [[Shemon Bar Sabbae|Simeon bar Sabba'e]] (341),{{sfn|Burgess|Mercier|1999|p=9-66}} [[Shahdost]] (342), and [[Barba'shmin]] (346).<ref>Donald Attwater & Catherine Rachel John, ''The Penguin Dictionary of Saints'', 3rd edn. (New York: Penguin Books, 1993), 116, 245.</ref> Afterward, the office of Catholicos lay vacant nearly 20 years (346–363).{{sfn|Tajadod|1993|p=110–133}} In 363, under the terms of a peace treaty, Nisibis was ceded to the Persians, causing [[Ephrem the Syrian]], accompanied by a number of teachers, to leave the [[School of Nisibis]] for [[Edessa]] still in Roman territory.{{sfn|Labourt|1909}} The church grew considerably during the Sasanian period,<ref name=Britannica/> but the pressure of persecution led the Catholicos Dadisho I in 424 to convene the Synod of Markabta at Seleucia and declare the Catholicate independent from "the western Fathers".{{sfn|Jugie|1935|p=5–25}}
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