Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.1 |
Natsukusha (bicara | kontrib) k kata demokratik tidak ada di KBBI, replaced: demokratik → demokratis (11) |
||
Baris 153:
{{cite book |last=Mclaughlin |first=Paul |title=Anarchism and Authority |publisher=Ashgate |location=Aldershot |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7546-6196-2 |page=59}} {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=R. |title=The Dictionary of Human Geography |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-631-20561-6 |page=24}}</ref><ref name=slevin>Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics''. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.</ref> Sementara antistatisme adalah prinsip utama, beberapa berpendapat<ref>"Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 28]</ref> bahwa anarkisme melibatkan [[otoritas]] lawan atau [[organisasi hirarkis]] dalam pelaksanaan hubungan manusia, termasuk tapi tidak terbatas pada sistem negara.<ref name="iaf-ifa.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |title=IAF principles |publisher=[[International of Anarchist Federations]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105095946/http://www.iaf-ifa.org/principles/english.html |archivedate=5 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |quote=The IAF – IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.}}</ref><ref name="auto">"Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." [[Emma Goldman]]. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in ''[[Anarchism and Other Essays]]''.</ref><ref name="Ward 1966">{{cite web |url=http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html |last=Ward |first=Colin |year=1966 |title=Anarchism as a Theory of Organization |accessdate=1 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325081119/http://www.panarchy.org/ward/organization.1966.html |archivedate=25 March 2010<!--Added by DASHBot-->}}</ref><ref name="Brown 2002 106">{{cite book |last=Brown |first=L. Susan |chapter=Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism |title=The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism |publisher=Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing |year=2002 |page=106}}</ref><ref>"Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations—by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power—and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."[https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism'' by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. p. 1]</ref><ref>Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority as follows "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left,—follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. Good representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx." [[Benjamin Tucker]]. [http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Benjamin_Tucker__Individual_Liberty.html ''Individual Liberty.'']</ref><ref>Anarchist historian [[George Woodcock]] report of [[Mikhail Bakunin]]'s anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Bern Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."</ref> Kelompok [[Mutualisme (teori ekonomi)|mutualis]] menganjurkan sosialisme pasar, [[koperasi pekerja]] [[Anarkisme kolektivis|anarkis kolektivis]], dan gaji yang berdasarkan pada jumlah waktu yang dikontribusikan untuk produksi; [[anarko-komunis]] menganjurkan transisi langsung dari kapitalisme menuju [[komunisme libertarian]] dan [[ekonomi hadiah]], serta [[aksi langsung]] pekerja [[Anarko-Sindikalisme|anarko-sindikalis]] dan [[pemogokan umum]].
=== Sosialisme
{{main|Sosialisme
Sosialisme
Perbedaan utama antara demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme
Sosialisme
{{quotation|Anda tidak dapat berbicara tentang mengakhiri permukiman kumuh tanpa terlebih dulu mengatakan profit harus disingkirkan darinya. Anda benar-benar merusak dan berurusan dengan hal berbahaya karena Anda mengacaukan orang-orang di sana. Sekarang, ini berarti kita memasuki situasi yang sulit, karena sungguh artinya kita mengatakan bahwa ada yang salah dengan kapitalisme. Harus ada distribusi kekayaan yang lebih baik, dan mungkin Amerika harus bergerak menuju sosialisme
=== Leninisme dan pendahulunya ===
{{main|Blanquisme|Marxisme–Leninisme}}
[[Blanquisme]] merujuk pada konsepsi revolusi yang umumnya dikaitkan dengan [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]] yang menyatakan bahwa revolusi sosial harus dilakukan oleh kelompok yang relatif kecil yang terdiri dari konspirator yang sangat terorganisir dan tertutup.<ref>[http://www.wisdomsupreme.com/dictionary/blanquism.php WisdomSupreme.com definition of Blanquism], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> Setelah merebut kekuasaan, kaum revolusioner kemudian akan menggunakan kekuatan negara untuk memperkenalkan sosialisme. Ini dianggap sebagai semacam "putschisme" tertentu, yakni pandangan bahwa revolusi politik harus dilaksanakan dalam bentuk ''[[putsch]]'' atau ''kudeta''.<ref>[http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/glossary/b.html#Blanquism NewYouth.com entry for Blanquism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821163359/http://www.newyouth.com/archives/theory/glossary/b.html#Blanquism |date=2008-08-21 }}, last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Rosa Luxemburg]] dan [[Eduard Bernstein]]<ref name="bern">{{cite web |author=Lenin |url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch06.htm#s2 |title=The State and Revolution |year=1917}}</ref> mengkritik [[Vladimir Lenin]] karena konsepsi revolusinya yang elitis dan pada dasarnya Blanquis.<ref>[[Rosa Luxemburg]] as part of a longer section on Blanquism in her "Organizational Questions of Russian Social Democracy" (later published as "Leninism or Marxism?"), writes: "For Lenin, the difference between the [[Social democracy]] and Blanquism is reduced to the observation that in place of a handful of conspirators we have a class-conscious proletariat. He forgets that this difference implies a complete revision of our ideas on organisation and, therefore, an entirely different conception of centralism and the relations existing between the party and the struggle itself. Blanquism did not count on the [[direct action]] of the working class. It, therefore, did not need to organise the people for the revolution. The people were expected to play their part only at the moment of revolution. Preparation for the revolution concerned only the little group of revolutionists armed for the coup. Indeed, to assure the success of the revolutionary conspiracy, it was considered wiser to keep the mass at some distance from the conspirators.Rosa Luxemburg, [http://www.marx.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/ch01.htm ''Leninism or Marxism?''], [http://www.marx.org Marx.org], last retrieved 25 April 2007</ref> [[Marxisme–Leninisme]] adalah ideologi politik yang menggabungkan [[Marxisme]] (konsep [[Sosialisme ilmiah|sosialis ilmiah]] yang diteorikan oleh [[Karl Marx]] dan [[Friedrich Engels]]) dan [[Leninisme]] (ekspansi teoretis Marxisme yang mencakup [[anti-imperialisme]], [[sentralisme
=== Sosialisme libertarian ===
Baris 182:
=== Demokrasi sosial dan sosialisme liberal ===
{{main|Demokrasi sosial|Sosialisme liberal}}
Demokrasi sosial adalah ideologi politik yang "berasal dari tradisi pemikiran politik sosialis. Banyak demokrat sosial menyebut dirinya sebagai sosialis atau sosialis demokrat, dan beberapa lainnya, seperti [[Tony Blair]], menggunakan istilah tersebut secara bergantian.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=q07jeo_wrk4C&pg=PA86|title=Social Democratic System|last=Raza|first=Syed Ali|publisher=Global Peace Trust|year=|isbn=978-969-9757-00-6|location=|page=86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=Ai2BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=The New Progressive Dilemma: Australia and Tony Blair's Legacy|last=O'Reilly|first=David|date=2007-04-12|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-62547-1|location=|page=91|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/17/magazine/america-can-never-sort-out-whether-socialism-is-marginal-or-rising.html|title=America Can Never Sort Out Whether ‘Socialism’ Is Marginal or Rising|last=Gage|first=Beverly|date=July 17, 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en}}</ref> Yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa ada perbedaan yang jelas antara ketiga istilah tersebut, dan lebih suka menggambarkan kepercayaan politiknya dengan istilah ‘demokrasi sosial’ saja.<ref>Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy'' (2013). Pallgrave MacMillan. p. 7. {{ISBN|1-137-01326-5}}</ref> Ada dua arus utama, baik untuk membangun [[sosialisme
[[Berkas:Bernstein Eduard 1895.jpg|jmpl|lurus|kiri|[[Eduard Bernstein]]]]
Baris 215:
* [[Daftar ekonomi sosialis]]
* [[Sosialisme berdasarkan negara]]
* [[Sosialisme
* [[Demokrasi sosial]]
|