Unsur golongan 4: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
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[[Berkas:HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg|ka|jmpl|Mineral berat (gelap) di pasir pantai kuarsa ([[Chennai]], [[India]]).]]
Jika [[kelimpahan unsur dalam kerak bumi]] diperbandingkan untuk titanium, zirkonium dan hafnium, kelimpahannya berkurang seiring dengan bertambahnya massa atom. Titanium adalah logam ketujuh yang paling melimpah dalam kerak bumi dan memiliki kelimpahan 6320 ppm, sedangkan zirkonium memiliki kelimpahan 162 ppm dan hafnium hanya memiliki kelimpahan 3 ppm.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abundance_crust/|title = Abundance in Earth's Crust|publisher = WebElements.com|accessdate = 2007-04-14|archive-date = 2008-05-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080523082920/http://www.webelements.com/periodicity/abundance_crust/|dead-url = yes}}</ref>
Ketiga unsur stabil tersebut terjadi pada [[deposit bijih pasir mineral berat]], yang biasanya merupakan [[endapan placer]] yang terbentuk di lingkungan [[pantai]], melalui konsentrasi [[berat jenis]] butir mineral bahan erosi dari batuan [[mafik]] dan [[batuan ultramafik|ultramafik]]. Mineral titanium kebanyakan berupa [[anatase]] dan [[rutil]], dan zirkonium terdapat pada mineral [[zirkon]]. Akibat kemiripan sifat kimia, sampai 5% zirkonium dalam zirkon digantikan oleh hafnium. Produsen unsur golongan 4 terbesar adalah [[Australia]], [[Afrika Selatan]] dan [[Kanada]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.alkane.com.au/projects/nsw/dubbo/DZP%20Summary%20June07.pdf|title = Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet|date = June 2007|publisher = Alkane Resources Limited|accessdate = 2008-09-10|format = PDF|archive-date = 2008-02-28|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080228054038/http://www.alkane.com.au/projects/nsw/dubbo/DZP%20Summary%20June07.pdf|dead-url = yes}}</ref><ref name="usgs2008">{{cite journal| title = Zirconium and Hafnium| journal = Mineral Commodity Summaries| pages = 192–193| publisher = US Geological Survey|date=January 2008| url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/mcs-2008-zirco.pdf| format = PDF| accessdate = 2008-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Callaghan|first=R.|title=Zirconium and Hafnium Statistics and Information|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=2008-02-21|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/zirconium/|accessdate=2008-02-24}}</ref><ref name="usgypTi2009">{{cite web|title = Minerals Yearbook Commodity Summaries 2009: Titanium |publisher = US Geological Survey|date=May 2009|url = http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/myb1-2007-titan.pdf|format = PDF| accessdate = 2008-02-24}}</ref><ref name="usgcomTi2009">{{cite web|last = Gambogi|first= Joseph|title = Titanium and Titanium dioxide Statistics and Information|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=January 2009|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/titanium/mcs-2009-titan.pdf|accessdate = 2008-02-24}}</ref>
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