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== Background ==
{{further information|Causes of the Armenian genocide}}
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Keberadaan [[orang Armenia]] di [[Anatolia]] telah tercatat oleh sejarah semenjak abad ke-6 SM, lebih dari satu milenium sebelum invasi [[migrasi Turk|orang Turk]].{{sfn|Ahmed|2006|p=1576}}{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=xiv}} [[Kerajaan Armenia (kuno)|Kerajaan Armenia]] menjadikan agama Kristen sebagai agama negara pada abad ke-4 M dan mendirikan [[Gereja Apostolik Armenia]].{{sfn|Payaslian|2007|pp=34–35}} Setelah runtuhnya [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]] pada tahun 1453, terdapat dua negara Islam yang saling memperebutkan kawasan [[Armenia Barat]], yaitu [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]] dan [[Dinasti Safawiyah]] Iran. Wilayah Armenia Barat kemudian dipisahkan secara permanen dari [[Armenia Timur]] (yang dikendalikan oleh Dinasi Safawiyah) sesuai dengan ketentuan [[Perjanjian Zuhab]] tahun 1639.{{sfn|Payaslian|2007|pp=105–106}} Kesultanan Utsmaniyah sendiri merupakan negeri dengan keanekaragaman etnis dan agama.{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=11, 15}} Walaupun [[sistem milet]] memberikan perlindungan terhadap kaum non-Muslim, kedudukan mereka tidak setara dengan umat Muslim.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=12}} [[Hukum Syariah]] memberikan berbagai hak dan keistimewaan kepada kaum Muslim, tetapi juga menjamin hak atas harta benda dan kebebasan beribadah kepada kelompok non-Muslim yang disebut ''[[dhimmis]]'' asalkan mereka membayar [[jizyah]].{{sfn|Suny|2015|pp=5, 7}}
▲[[File:Armenian population map 1896.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Armenian population map published in 1896]]
On the eve of [[World War I]], around two million Armenians lived in Anatolia out of a total population of 15–17.5 million.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=xviii}} According to the [[Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople|Armenian Patriarchate]]'s estimates for 1913–1914, there were 2,925 Armenian towns and villages in the empire, of which 2,084 were in the [[Armenian highlands]] in the [[vilayet]]s of [[Bitlis Vilayet|Bitlis]], [[Diyarbekir Vilayet|Diyarbekir]], [[Erzurum Vilayet|Erzerum]], [[Mamuret-ul-Aziz Vilayet|Harput]], and [[Van Vilayet|Van]].{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Armenians were a minority in most places where they lived, alongside [[Turkish people|Turkish]] and [[Kurds|Kurdish]] Muslim and [[Rum millet|Greek Orthodox Christian]] neighbors.{{sfn|Suny|2015|p=xviii}}{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} According to the Patriarchate's figure, 215,131 Armenians lived in urban areas, especially [[Constantinople]], [[Smyrna]], and [[Eastern Thrace]].{{sfn|Kévorkian|2011|p=279}} Although most Ottoman Armenians were peasant farmers, they were overrepresented in commerce. As [[middleman minorities]], despite the wealth of some Armenians, their overall political power was low, making them especially vulnerable.{{sfn|Bloxham|2005|p=8–9}}
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