In God We Trust: Perbedaan antara revisi
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On July 11, 1955, the bill, having passed with bipartisan support of both chambers of Congress, was signed into law by President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=An Act to provide that all United States currency shall bear the inscription "In God We Trust."|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref><ref name="History, Art & Archives22">{{cite web|title=The Legislation Placing "In God We Trust" on National Currency'|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-09-16|work=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}</ref> Since all coins already complied with the law, the only changes were made to the paper currency. The motto first appeared on the $1 [[Silver certificate (United States)#Small-size United States silver certificates (1928–1957)|silver certificate]] in 1957, followed by other certificates. [[Federal Reserve Note]]s and [[United States Note]]s<ref>Not produced since 1971</ref> were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.<ref name="USTreasury22" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merriman|first=Scott A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281|title=Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-863-7|volume=1|location=[[Santa Barbara, Calif.]]|pages=281|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Steven B.|date=1996|title=Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|journal=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=96|issue=8|pages=2083–2174|doi=10.2307/1123418|jstor=1123418|issn=0010-1958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235545/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|archive-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>{{Efn|Quoting the [[peroration]] (abridged here) of the speech by [[Charles Edward Bennett]], sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and [[W. Randolph Burgess]], Deputy to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury for Monetary Affairs]], had approved of the legislation. 101 [[Congressional Record]] pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)}}
== Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S. ==
[[File:State of the Union entrance 2011.jpg|alt=Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber|thumb|Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] sits. The national motto, which is carved in [[marble]], can be seen at the top of the image.|left]]
=== Federal government ===
On July 30, 1956, the [[84th United States Congress|84th Congress]] passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|author=Margaret Wood|date=2013-04-22|title=In God We Trust|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/|access-date=2021-04-02|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The resolution passed both the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] unanimously and without debate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-08-13|title=New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814|language=en|page=8|work=[[Palladium-Item]]|location=[[Richmond, Indiana]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|url-status=live|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|archive-date=2018-02-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas|title=The Fifties: The Way We Really Were|last2=Marion|first2=Nowak|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year=1977|pages=89|quote='In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.}}</ref>{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} It replaced {{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum]]}}, which had existed before as a ''de facto'' official motto.<ref name="RSAL22" /> The United States Code at {{USC|36|302}}, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the [[United States Senate|Senate]],<ref name="Senate22">{{cite news|author=Felicia Sonmez|date=2011-11-01|title=Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|quote='In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'}}</ref> and in 2011 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], in a 396 to 9 vote.<ref name="Reaffirm22">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Steinhauer|date=2011-11-03|title=In God We Trust, With the House's Help|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|quote=Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'}}</ref><ref name="Iqraar22">{{cite news|author=Todd Starnes|date=2011-11-03|title=See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'|work=[[Fox News]]|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|archive-date=2011-11-04|quote=The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).}}</ref> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-07-23|title=House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings|url=https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>
The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] features the motto above the rostrum of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]], which was carved in the wall in December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Furniture {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Seal of Florida.svg|thumb|[[Seal of Florida]], which also appears on the [[Flag of Florida]]. {{sc|IN GOD WE TRUST}} appears at the bottom of the seal.|193x193px]]
=== State and local governments ===
==== Adoption of the national motto in state symbols ====
Three states have adopted "In God We Trust" as part of official symbolics of the state.
In [[Florida]], {{Abbr|HB|House Bill}} 1145 provided for adoption of "In God We Trust" as the official state motto, instead of fairly similar "In God Is Our Trust", effective July 1, 2006.<ref name="auto22" /><ref name="myflorida.com22" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 2020 Florida Statutes: 15.0301|url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0000-0099/0015/Sections/0015.0301.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Florida Legislature]]|quote=State motto.—"In God We Trust" is hereby designated and declared the official motto of the State of Florida.}}</ref> The motto has also appeared on the [[Seal of Florida]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Seal|url=https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-seal/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Florida Department of State]]}}</ref> and on the [[Flag of Florida]], as the Seal is one of its elements, since 1868.<ref>{{Cite web|title=State Flag|url=https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-flag/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Florida Department of State]]}}</ref>
[[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia's flag]] features the motto since 2001, which was retained after a redesign two years later.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Whitney|date=2004-03-25|title=Flag of Georgia {{!}} United States state flag|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Georgia-United-States-state-flag|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|language=en}}</ref>
In [[Mississippi]], the [[Mississippi State Senate|Mississippi Senate]] voted to add the words, "In God We Trust" to the state seal, justifying it as an effort to protect religious freedom. The change was made effective on July 1, 2014.<ref name="2014Seal22">{{cite web|author=|date=January 2014|title=Mississippi Religious Freedom Restoration Act; enact and modify the great seal.|url=http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2014/pdf/SB/2600-2699/SB2681PS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402134106/http://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2014/pdf/SB/2600-2699/SB2681PS.pdf|archive-date=2014-04-02|access-date=2014-04-02|work=Senate Bill No. 2681|publisher=[[Mississippi Legislature]]|location=[[Jackson, Miss.]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Wagster Pettus|first=Emily|date=2014-01-31|title=Miss. Senate OKs adding 'In God We Trust' to seal|work=[[Jackson Free Press]]|url=https://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2014/feb/01/miss-senate-oks-adding-god-we-trust-seal/|access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> Six years later, Mississippi Governor [[Tate Reeves]] signed into law a bill requiring that the [[Flag of Mississippi|state's flag]], which had contained the [[Flags of the Confederate States of America|Confederate battle emblem]], be replaced with a new one containing the phrase "In God We Trust."<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|last=Knowles|first=Lindsay|date=2020-07-08|title=Satanic Temple threatens lawsuit if 'In God We Trust' appears on new Mississippi flag|url=https://www.wlbt.com/2020/07/08/satanic-temple-threatens-lawsuit-if-god-we-trust-appears-new-mississippi-flag/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[WLBT]]-3|language=en-US}}</ref> A new flag containing the motto was [[2020 Mississippi flag referendum|approved by voters in a referendum]], and it became the official state flag in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-11|title=Mississippi governor signing law for flag without rebel sign|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/mississippi-governor-signing-law-for-flag-without-rebel-sign-flag-mississippi-flag-us-confederate-b1785655.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-04|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}</ref>[[File:Map of the US with display of In God we trust.svg|thumb|400px|A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2021
{{legend|#ff0000|Display in schools mandated}}
{{legend|#ff6600|Display in at least some government buildings mandated}}
{{legend|#ffcc00|Display in schools mandated if a copy of the motto is donated}}
{{legend|#66ff66|Display in schools allowed}}
{{legend|#66ffff|Display in government buildings allowed}}
'''Note.''' Florida, Georgia and Mississippi use the national motto in state symbols, therefore the display of In God We Trust as appearing on state symbols is regulated by laws governing their usage.
|alt=A map of U.S. states with display of the national motto in public schools and government buildings as of August 2021. Display of the motto is mandated in the schools of Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, South Dakota and Utah (Texas and Ohio also require such display if a copy of the motto is donated); it is allowed in Arizona, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Indiana, and New Hampshire. Michigan, Alabama and South Carolina also allow display in government buildings. Idaho, Kentucky and Arkansas require it in at least some of these, while Mississippi, Georgia and Florida may require insofar as it appears on their state symbols.]]
==== Mandating display ====
* '''[[Arkansas]]''': In March 2017, Act 911, sponsored by state Representative [[Jim Dotson]], made it a requirement of Arkansas state law for public schools to display posters with the national motto, if these were donated.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-03-12|title='In God We Trust' Posters to Be Displayed in Arkansas Public Schools|url=https://insider.foxnews.com/2018/03/12/god-we-trust-posters-be-displayed-arkansas-public-schools-after-donations|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603120905/https://insider.foxnews.com/2018/03/12/god-we-trust-posters-be-displayed-arkansas-public-schools-after-donations|archive-date=2019-06-03|access-date=2019-06-03|website=[[Fox News Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perozek|first=Dave|date=2018-03-11|title=Some Arkansas schools will display 'In God we trust' after posters donated|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/mar/11/schools-will-display-in-god-we-trust-20/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603120850/https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/mar/11/schools-will-display-in-god-we-trust-20/|archive-date=2019-06-03|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[Arkansas Democrat-Gazette]]}}</ref> In 2019, the law was later amended to require public display of the national motto in public schools, higher education institutions and state government buildings, if funds are available for that purpose.<ref name=":22" />
* '''[[Florida]]''': In early 2018, [[Kimberly Daniels]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] who served as a representative for the [[Florida House of Representatives]], introduced {{Abbr|HB|House Bill}} 839, a bill that requires public schools to display the motto "In God We Trust" in a conspicuous place. On February 21, 2018, the bill passed 97 to 10 in the House.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sterling|first=Joe|title=Florida lawmakers advance a bill that requires 'In God We Trust' displayed on school grounds|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/23/us/florida-in-god-we-trust-legislation-trnd/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224113844/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/02/23/us/florida-in-god-we-trust-legislation-trnd/index.html|archive-date=2018-02-24|access-date=2018-02-24|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2018-02-23|title=Florida lawmakers advance bill that would require 'In God We Trust' to be visible on all school buildings|url=http://www.newsweek.com/florida-lawmakers-give-go-ahead-bill-have-god-we-trust-school-buildings-818745|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224165636/http://www.newsweek.com/florida-lawmakers-give-go-ahead-bill-have-god-we-trust-school-buildings-818745|archive-date=2018-02-24|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[Newsweek]]}}</ref> Governor [[Rick Scott]] then signed the mandate into law.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-03-26|title=Atheist group offers to provide "In God We Trust" signs to Florida public schools|url=https://www.tampabay.com/blogs/gradebook/2018/03/26/atheist-group-offers-to-provide-in-god-we-trust-signs-to-florida-public-schools/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603120850/https://www.tampabay.com/blogs/gradebook/2018/03/26/atheist-group-offers-to-provide-in-god-we-trust-signs-to-florida-public-schools/|archive-date=2019-06-03|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[Tampa Bay Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Balingit|first=Moriah|date=2018-12-01|title=Does 'In God We Trust' belong in schools? More and more states say yes.|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/does-in-god-we-trust-belong-in-schools-more-and-more-states-say-yes/2018/12/01/d846f870-e863-11e8-b8dc-66cca409c180_story.html|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
* '''[[Idaho]]''': House Concurrent Resolution 32, adopted in March 2020, mandates that the national motto be placed over the chairs of presiding officers of both chambers of [[Idaho Legislature]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOUSE CONCURRENT RESOLUTION 32|url=https://legislature.idaho.gov/sessioninfo/2020/legislation/hcr032/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Idaho State Legislature]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Kentucky]]''': In 2014, a law was passed that obliged display of the national motto in legislative buildings and in committees.<ref>{{Cite web|title=7.090 Legislative Research Commission - Kentucky|url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=43315|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Kentucky General Assembly]]}}</ref> In June 2019, a bill sponsored by state Representative [[Brandon Reed]] of [[Hodgenville, Kentucky|Hodgenville]] was passed that required Kentucky public schools to display the motto "in a prominent location", beginning from the 2019-20 school year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-27|title=Display of national motto in public elementary and secondary schools -- Reading and posting in public schools of texts and documents on American history and heritage.|url=https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=48792|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Kentucky General Assembly]]}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite web|last=Wood|first=Josh|date=2019-09-13|title='In God We Trust': display in Kentucky schools marks effort to mix church and state|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/12/in-god-we-trust-display-in-kentucky-schools-marks-effort-to-mix-church-and-state|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref> To protest the requirement, [[Fayette County Public Schools (Kentucky)|Fayette County Public Schools]], a school district which serves [[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]], complied by posting framed [[United States one-dollar bill|one-dollar bills]], which bear the slogan,<ref name=":72" /><ref>{{cite web|date=2019-08-14|title='In God We Trust' found in form of dollar bill at Fayette County schools|url=https://www.wkyt.com/content/news/In-God-We-Trust-found-in-form-of-dollar-bill-at-Fayette-County-school-542607641.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901175508/https://www.wkyt.com/content/news/In-God-We-Trust-found-in-form-of-dollar-bill-at-Fayette-County-school-542607641.html|archive-date=2019-09-01|access-date=2019-09-01|website=[[WKYT]]}}</ref> while in [[LaRue County, Kentucky|LaRue County]], of which Hodgenville is seat, schools were using oversized images of [[Penny (United States coin)|pennies]].<ref name=":72" />
* '''[[Louisiana]]''': A bill requiring public display of the motto in public schools was introduced by state Senator [[Regina Ashford Barrow]] in March 2018. It was passed unanimously both in the [[Louisiana State Senate|Senate]] (33 to 0) and in the [[Louisiana House of Representatives|House]] (93 to 0).<ref name=":82">{{Cite web|last=Rand|first=Brendan|date=2019-08-13|title=Louisiana public schools will display 'In God We Trust' beginning this school year|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/louisiana-public-schools-display-god-trust-beginning-school/story?id=64947756|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}</ref> It was signed into law by Governor [[John Bel Edwards]] in May that year.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kelly McCleary|date=2019-08-11|title='In God We Trust' signs to greet Louisiana students in new school year|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/11/us/in-god-we-trust-louisiana-schools/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-19|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="abc122">{{Cite web|last=Torres|first=Ella|date=2019-07-26|title=South Dakota public schools now required to display 'In God We Trust' on walls|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/south-dakota-public-schools-now-required-display-god/story?id=64587406|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[ABC News]]|language=en}}</ref> The bill also mandated school instruction about "In God We Trust" as part of the social studies curriculum.<ref name=":82" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=SENATE BILL NO. 224|url=https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/ViewDocument.aspx?d=1101373|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Louisiana State Legislature]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Mississippi]]''': In March 2001, [[Governor of Mississippi]] [[Ronnie Musgrove]] signed legislation requiring the motto "In God We Trust" to be displayed in every [[Public school (government funded)|public school]] classroom, as well as the school auditoriums and cafeterias, throughout the state.<ref>{{cite news|date=2001-03-25|title=National News Briefs; 'In God We Trust' Motto For Mississippi Schools|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/us/national-news-briefs-in-god-we-trust-motto-for-mississippi-schools.html|url-status=live|access-date=2017-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222162529/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/25/us/national-news-briefs-in-god-we-trust-motto-for-mississippi-schools.html|archive-date=2017-12-22}}</ref>
* '''[[Ohio]]''': Ohio requires public schools to hang a "In God We Trust" motto material if school districts receives it as donation, or if money is donated with the stated purpose of buying such materials.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-07-17|title=New Ohio Law Requires Schools to Display "In God We Trust"|url=https://www.lc.org/newsroom/details/071706-new-ohio-law-requires-schools-to-display-in-god-we-trust|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Liberty Counsel]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[South Dakota]]''': In March 2019, South Dakota required public schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" motto on their walls, starting from 2019-20 school year.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Matias|first=Dani|date=2019-07-25|title=South Dakota Public Schools Add 'In God We Trust' Signs To Walls|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/07/25/744909500/south-dakota-public-schools-add-in-god-we-trust-signs-to-walls|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[National Public Radio]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title='In God We Trust' going up at South Dakota public schools|url=https://apnews.com/article/7fee63ffb2f14a3698815490325a9fc6|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bill Title: Require the national motto of the United States to be displayed in public schools.|url=https://legiscan.com/SD/text/SB55/id/1945148|url-status=live|access-date=2020-05-16|website=Legiscan}}</ref>
* '''[[Tennessee]]''': In March 2018, a bill sponsored by state Representative [[Susan Lynn]], which requires Tennessee schools to prominently display "In God We Trust" passed the state [[Tennessee House of Representatives|House]] with 81 of the 99 members voting in favor of it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Meyer|first=Holly|title=Tennessee lawmakers pass bill requiring public schools to post 'In God We Trust' motto|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/religion/2018/03/21/tennessee-lawmakers-pass-bill-requiring-public-schools-post-god-we-trust-motto/442884002/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[The Tennessean]]}}</ref> After being approved unanimously in the [[Tennessee Senate|Senate]], it was signed by Governor [[Bill Haslam]] into law the following month.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Constantine|first=Mary|title='In God We Trust' motto now required to be displayed in all Tennessee public schools|url=https://www.knoxnews.com/story/news/education/2018/08/03/god-we-trust-motto-tennessee-public-schools/889966002/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Knoxville News Sentinel]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''[[Texas]]''': Texas allowed display of the motto in public schools and higher education institutions since 2003.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Legislature|url=https://ingodwetrust.com/get-involved/government-legislature/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=In God We Trust}}</ref> A 2021 [[Texas Senate|Senate]] bill to mandate donated copies of the motto to be hung in a "conspicuous place" has passed the [[Texas House of Representatives]] on May 25, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bohra|first=Neelam|date=2021-05-24|title=Some Texas schools would be required to hang "In God We Trust" signs under measure nearing passage by lawmakers|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2021/05/24/texas-school-signs-legislature/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[The Texas Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Herman|first=Ken|date=2021-05-27|title=Herman: Legislature says non-school groups should be allowed to force posting of "In God We Trust"|url=https://www.statesman.com/story/news/columns/2021/05/26/herman-legislature-says-non-school-groups-should-allowed-force-posting-in-god-we-trust/7428751002/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-28|website=[[Austin American-Statesman]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It was signed by the Governor on June 16 that year.
* '''[[Virginia]]''': A regulation that obliges all Virginia schools to publicly display the motto was signed into law in May 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Helderman|first1=Rosalind S.|last2=Samuels|first2=Christina A.|date=2002-06-28|title=Va. Schools Forge Ahead With National Motto|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2002/06/28/va-schools-forge-ahead-with-national-motto/c1a2521b-73d8-4b54-87b0-7bbd2b30e599/|access-date=2021-05-25|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-05-17|title=2002 Uncodified Acts - Chapter 895|url=https://law.lis.virginia.gov/uncodifiedacts/2002/session1/chapter895/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Virginia General Assembly]]}}</ref>
* '''[[Utah]]''': Utah's law to oblige schools to publicly display "In God We Trust" was signed into law in March 2002 by Governor [[Mike Leavitt]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanner|first=Courtney|date=2019-07-27|title=Utah has required schools to have 'In God We Trust' posted publicly for 17 years|url=https://sltrib.com/news/2019/07/27/utah-has-required-schools|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The law also mandates school instruction about the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|title=53G-10-302. Instruction in American history and government -- Study and posting of American heritage documents.|url=https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title53G/Chapter10/53G-10-S302.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Utah Legislature]]}}</ref>
==== Allowing display ====
* '''[[Alabama]]:''' A 2018 law allows display of the motto in schools, libraries, government buildings, and on law enforcement vehicles.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Schleisman|first=Nicolette|date=2018-08-21|title=New Alabama law allows "In God We Trust" in public schools|url=https://www.wkrg.com/mobile-county/new-alabama-law-allows-in-god-we-trust-in-public-schools/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[WKRG]] News 5|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''[[Arizona]]''': Arizona allows public display of the motto in public schools.<ref name=":22" />
* '''[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]''': Georgia allows for usage of the national motto in schools and government buildings, provided they have funds for pay for its display.<ref name=":22" />
* '''[[Indiana]]''': Indiana allows display of the national motto in public schools since 2005.<ref name=":22" />
* '''[[Michigan]]''': Michigan allows and encourages the display of the motto in and on public schools as well as state and local government buildings.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pyeatt|first=Matt|date=2002-01-03|title=Michigan government offices now urged to display 'In God We Trust' - Baptist Press|url=https://www.baptistpress.com/resource-library/news/michigan-government-offices-now-urged-to-display-in-god-we-trust/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Baptist Press]]|language=en-US}}</ref>
*'''[[New Hampshire]]''': {{Abbr|HB|House Bill}} 69, introduced in April 2021, initially proposed to require schools to display the national and state motto's, and passed the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives|House]] 204-169. It was amended in the Senate to allow publication of the mottos and approved on May 13, 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rayno|first=Garry|date=2021-05-13|title=Senate Sends Bills Changing Public Education To Governor|url=http://indepthnh.org/2021/05/13/senate-sends-bills-changing-public-education-to-governor/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=InDepthNH.org|language=en-US}}</ref> which was approved by the House the following month.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-10|title=New Hampshire Legislature protects display of mottos|url=https://apnews.com/article/nh-state-wire-new-hampshire-legislature-57dc2ca53e1b453a968d3f86d8d587a0|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[Associated Press]]|language=en}}</ref> The bill was signed into law by Governor [[Chris Sununu]] on July 30, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-30|title=Governor Chris Sununu Signs 23 Bills Into Law, Vetoes 2|url=https://www.governor.nh.gov/news-and-media/governor-chris-sununu-signs-23-bills-law-vetoes-2|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[Governor of New Hampshire]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=DiStaso|first=John|date=2021-08-07|title=NH Primary Source: Democrats, Republicans spar over bill prohibiting restrictions on display of state, national mottos|url=https://www.wmur.com/article/nh-primary-source-democrats-republicans-spar-over-bills-prohibiting-restrictions-on-display-of-state-national-mottos/37226390|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[WMUR]] 9}}</ref>
* '''[[North Dakota]]''': North Dakota statute allows display of the national motto in public schools.<ref name=":22" />
* '''[[Oklahoma]]''': A bill was passed in 2004 that allowed public schools to display "In God We Trust" and "E Pluribus Unum" in classrooms, auditoriums and cafeterias;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bill No. 2477 (An Act relating to schools)|url=http://webserver1.lsb.state.ok.us/cf_pdf/2003-04%20ENR/hB/HB2477%20ENR.PDF|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Oklahoma Legislature]]}}</ref> a 2018 [[Oklahoma Senate|Senate]] bill to mandate such display died in the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives|House]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Oklahoma SB1016 {{!}} 2018 {{!}} Regular Session|url=https://legiscan.com/OK/bill/SB1016/2018|access-date=2021-05-25|website=LegiScan|language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[South Carolina]]''': South Carolina allows political subdivisions and schools to post a display detailing the foundations of the American law and government, of which the national motto is one of thirteen documents, while providing context to these documents in terms detailed by the state statute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Carolina Code of Laws. Title 10 - Public Buildings and Property|url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t10c001.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[South Carolina General Assembly]]}}</ref>
==== Legislation pending ====
* '''[[Illinois]]''': A 2021 proposal by Representative [[Adam Niemerg]] to permit display of "In God We Trust" in public schools has passed the [[Illinois House of Representatives]] in April 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-22|title=Niemerg's "In God We Trust" Legislation Passes Illinois House|url=http://www.thexradio.com/news/78-local-news/49751-niemerg-s-in-god-we-trust-legislation-passes-illinois-house|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Effingham's News and Sports Leader, 979XFM and KJ Country 102.3|language=en-gb}}</ref> and is being deliberated upon by the [[Illinois Senate|state Senate]] as of August 2021.
* '''Oklahoma''': In 2020, the [[Oklahoma House of Representatives]] voted to oblige state buildings to display the motto,<ref>{{cite web|author=Carmen Forman|date=2020-03-04|title=Oklahoma House approves 'In God We Trust' bill|url=https://oklahoman.com/article/5656492/oklahoma-house-approves-in-god-we-trust-bill|url-status=live|access-date=2020-03-05|website=[[The Oklahoman]]}}</ref> however, the bill died in the [[Oklahoma Senate|Senate]] due to the disruption caused by [[COVID-19 pandemic in Oklahoma|COVID-19]].<ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=Forman|first=Carmen|title=Oklahoma House speaker wants 'In God We Trust' displayed in state buildings|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2021/03/02/oklahoma-house-speaker-wants-in-god-we-trust-displayed-in-state-buildings/334638007/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[The Oklahoman]]|language=en-US}}</ref> The following year, the House reintroduced and passed the same bill in March 2021,<ref name=":18" /> while the Senate approved a version that would allow but not require the display of the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Querry-Thompson|first=Kimberly|date=2021-03-08|title=Oklahoma Senate passes bill to allow 'In God We Trust' on buildings|url=https://kfor.com/news/local/oklahoma-senate-passes-bill-to-allow-in-god-we-trust-on-buildings/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[KFOR-TV|KFOR]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Both bills are being proceeded as of August 2021.
In addition to that, several local governments have introduced the display of the motto in government buildings and municipal cars.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daniel|first=Rae|date=2015-08-01|title='In God We Trust' stickers placed on Jefferson Co., IL squad cars|url=https://www.kfvs12.com/story/29683669/in-god-we-trust-to-be-placed-on-jefferson-co-il-squad-cars|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801181841/http://www.kfvs12.com/story/29683669/in-god-we-trust-to-be-placed-on-jefferson-co-il-squad-cars|archive-date=2015-08-01|access-date=2021-08-09|website=[[KFVS-TV]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2015-10-01|title=Atheist Group Asks Police Remove 'In God We Trust' Car Decal|url=http://dailysignal.com/2015/10/01/atheist-group-calls-for-removal-of-in-god-we-trust-police-car-decals-police-chief-says-go-fly-a-kite/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205846/http://dailysignal.com/2015/10/01/atheist-group-calls-for-removal-of-in-god-we-trust-police-car-decals-police-chief-says-go-fly-a-kite/|archive-date=2018-02-25|access-date=2018-02-25|website=[[Daily Signal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sam|first1=Morgan|date=2019-06-06|title='In God We Trust' decals to be placed on local police, fire vehicles|work=[[The Bakersfield Californian]]|url=https://www.bakersfield.com/news/in-god-we-trust-decals-to-be-placed-on-local/article_fb214930-880a-11e9-9042-03579af67a08.html|url-status=live|access-date=2019-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607003302/https://www.bakersfield.com/news/in-god-we-trust-decals-to-be-placed-on-local/article_fb214930-880a-11e9-9042-03579af67a08.html|archive-date=2019-06-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://ingodwetrustamerica.org/|access-date=2021-05-25|website=In God We Trust America|language=en-US}}</ref> School boards have also seen voluntary introduction of the motto, particularly after the [[September 11 attacks]], when the [[American Family Association]] supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to their display.<ref>{{cite news|last=Howlett|first=Debbie|date=2002-02-19|title='In God We Trust' pressed for schools|work=[[USAToday]]|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/20/usat-posters.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2013-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111072453/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002/02/20/usat-posters.htm|archive-date=2013-11-11}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
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