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Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
Hanamanteo (bicara | kontrib)
45.394 suntingan
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Tag: halaman dengan galat kutipan
Baris 76:
Kebijakan semasa [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] [[Kepresidenan Dwight D. Eisenhower|menjabat]] terhitung sangat religius, sehingga memuluskan lobi untuk menyertakan semboyan ini dalam ppenggunaan lebih lanjut,<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last=Herzog|first=Jonathan P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGC8D-ybQnAC&q=Louis+C.+Rabaut+postage+cancellation+god+we+trust&pg=PA101|title=The Spiritual-Industrial Complex: America's Religious Battle Against Communism in the Early Cold War|date=2011-08-05|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], USA|isbn=978-0-19-539346-0|location=New York|pages=97, 101|language=en}}</ref> yang sering dikaitkan dengan pengaruh evangelis [[Billy Graham]] yang terkemuka pada saat itu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Kalpana|date=2021-06-11|title=Why the legacy of Billy Graham continues to endure: 3 essential reads|url=http://theconversation.com/why-the-legacy-of-billy-graham-continues-to-endure-3-essential-reads-162465|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-28|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|language=en}}</ref> Setelah penyertaan semboyan ini secara nasional mendapat tekanan dari publik, semboyan ini muncul untuk pertama kalinya pada sejumlah prangko dari [[Liberty Issue]] 1954<ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-02-26|title=NEW STAMP GETS MOTTO; 'In God We Trust' 8-Center to Go on Sale Early in April|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1954/02/26/archives/new-stamp-gets-motto-in-god-we-trust-8center-to-go-on-sale-early-in.html|access-date=2021-05-31|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Christopher|first=West|title=A History of America in Thirty-Six Postage Stamps|publisher=[[Picador (imprint)|Picador]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1250043689|location=[[London]]|pages=232}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cep|first=Casey N.|date=2014-02-20|title=When Did Americans Start Trusting in God?|url=https://psmag.com/news/americans-start-trusting-god-74456|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Pacific Standard]]|language=en}}</ref> meskipun melobi untuk penyertaan universal oleh Senator Michigan Charles E. Potter dan Anggota DPR Louis C. Rabaut gagal.<ref name=":15" />
 
Tahun berikutnya, Anggota DPR Partai Demokrat [[Charles Edward Bennett]] dari Florida menyebut Perang Dingin ketika memperkenalkan {{Abbr|H. R.|House Resolution}} 619 di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat yang mewajibkan "In God we trust" untuk ditempatkan pada semua uang kertas dan logam dengan alasan bahwa Amerika Serikat harus terus mencari cara untuk memperkuat fondasi kebebasan ketika komunisme imperialistik dan materialistik berusaha menyerang dan menghancurkan kebebasan.<ref>{{cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency {{pipe}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519004812/http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|archive-date=2017-05-19|access-date=2017-05-13|publisher=history.house.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dEADWZdN2k8C&q=strengthen+our+freedom&pg=PA47|title=Miscellaneous Hearings: Hearings Before ... , 84-1 on H.J.Res. 202 ... , H.R. 3327 ... , H.R. 619 ... 1956|publisher=United States Congress House Banking and Currency Committee|year=1956|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=47–57|language=en|chapter=United States Currency Inscription}}</ref> AsosiasiPersatuan Numismatik Amerika Serikat dan Legiun Amerika Serikat setuju danserta membuat resolusi yang mendesak untuk mempromosikan penggunaan lebih lanjut dari "In God We Trust".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitschen|first=Steve|date=2018-02-11|title=Defending "In God We Trust"|url=https://nationallegalfoundation.org/briefings/defending-in-god-we-trust/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=National Legal Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Congressional Record, Volume 148 Issue 105 (Monday, July 29, 2002)|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2002-07-29/html/CREC-2002-07-29-pt1-PgE1437-2.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|quote=The following year, 1955, largely at the instigation of Matt Rothert, later president of the American Numismatic Association, Congress amended the U.S. Code to require the national motto to be placed on all coins and currency.}}</ref>
 
Pada 11 Juli 1955, RUUrancangan tersebut,undang-undang setelah disahkan dengan dukungan bipartisan dari kedua kamar Kongres,ini ditandatanganiditandangani menjadi undang-undang oleh PresidentPresiden [[Dwight D.setelah disahkan Eisenhower|Eisenhower]]oleh kedua partai di Kongres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1955-07-11|title=An Act to provide that all United States currency shall bear the inscription "In God We Trust."|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-69/pdf/STATUTE-69-Pg290-2.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref><ref name="History, Art & Archives22">{{cite web|title=The Legislation Placing "In God We Trust" on National Currency'|url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-legislation-placing-%E2%80%9CIn-God-We-Trust%E2%80%9D-on-national-currency/|url-status=live|access-date=2019-09-16|work=[[United States House of Representatives]]}}</ref> SinceKarena allsemua coinsuang alreadylogam compliedsudah withmengikuti thesesuai law,hukum theyang onlyberlaku, changessatu-satunya wereperubahan madedilakukan topada themata paperuang currencykertas. TheSemboyan mottoini firstpertama appearedkali onmuncul thepada sertifikat perak $1 [[Silverpada certificatetahun (United1957 States)#Small-sizeyang Unitedkemudian Statesdiikuti silveroleh certificatessertifikat (1928–1957)|silverlainnya. certificate]]Semboyan inini 1957,dimuat followed by other certificates.pada [[Federal Reserve Note]]s anddan [[United States Note]]s<ref>Not{{efn|Tidak diproduksi producedsejak sincetahun 1971</ref>}} wereyang circulateddicetak with the motto starting fromsejak 1964 tohingga 1966, depending on thetergantung denominationpecahan.<ref name="USTreasury22" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Merriman|first=Scott A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_8VFygyaDYC&pg=PA281|title=Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-863-7|volume=1|location=[[Santa Barbara, Calif.]]|pages=281|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Epstein|first=Steven B.|date=1996|title=Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|journal=[[Columbia Law Review]]|volume=96|issue=8|pages=2083–2174|doi=10.2307/1123418|jstor=1123418|issn=0010-1958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317235545/http://www.jstor.org/stable/1123418|archive-date=2017-03-17}}</ref>{{Efn|Quoting the [[peroration]] (abridged here) of the speech by [[Charles Edward Bennett]], sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and [[W. Randolph Burgess]], Deputy to the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury for Monetary Affairs]], had approved of the legislation. 101 [[Congressional Record]] pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)}}
 
== Adopsi dan pemuatan di institusi pemerintahan ==
== Adoption and display by government institutions in U.S. ==
[[File:State of the Union entrance 2011.jpg|alt=Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the Speaker sits. The national motto is carved in marble over the seat of the presiding officer of the chamber|thumb|Close-up at the rostrum of the House of Representatives, where the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] sits. The national motto, which is carved in [[marble]], can be seen at the top of the image.|left]]
=== Pemerintahan federal ===
 
On JulyPada 30, Juli 1956, the [[84thKongres UnitedAmerika StatesSerikat Congresske-84|84th Congress]] passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|author=Margaret Wood|date=2013-04-22|title=In God We Trust|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/|access-date=2021-04-02|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The resolution passed both the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] unanimously and without debate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-08-13|title=New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814|language=en|page=8|work=[[Palladium-Item]]|location=[[Richmond, Indiana]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|url-status=live|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|archive-date=2018-02-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas|title=The Fifties: The Way We Really Were|last2=Marion|first2=Nowak|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year=1977|pages=89|quote='In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.}}</ref>{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} It replaced {{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum]]}}, which had existed before as a ''de facto'' official motto.<ref name="RSAL22" /> The United States Code at {{USC|36|302}}, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the [[United States Senate|Senate]],<ref name="Senate22">{{cite news|author=Felicia Sonmez|date=2011-11-01|title=Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|quote='In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'}}</ref> and in 2011 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], in a 396 to 9 vote.<ref name="Reaffirm22">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Steinhauer|date=2011-11-03|title=In God We Trust, With the House's Help|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|quote=Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'}}</ref><ref name="Iqraar22">{{cite news|author=Todd Starnes|date=2011-11-03|title=See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'|work=[[Fox News]]|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|archive-date=2011-11-04|quote=The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).}}</ref> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-07-23|title=House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings|url=https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>▼
=== Federal government ===
▲On July 30, 1956, the [[84th United States Congress|84th Congress]] passed a joint resolution "declaring 'IN GOD WE TRUST' the national motto of the United States."<ref>{{cite web|author=Margaret Wood|date=2013-04-22|title=In God We Trust|url=https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2013/04/in-god-we-trust/|access-date=2021-04-02|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> The resolution passed both the [[United States House of Representatives|House]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]] unanimously and without debate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1956-08-13|title=New National Motto Of U. S. Recalls Key's Words Of 1814|language=en|page=8|work=[[Palladium-Item]]|location=[[Richmond, Indiana]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|url-status=live|access-date=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032430/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/249484657/?terms=in+god+we+trust|archive-date=2018-02-26|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Douglas|title=The Fifties: The Way We Really Were|last2=Marion|first2=Nowak|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|year=1977|pages=89|quote='In God We Trust' was adopted as the national motto in 1956, with neither debate nor a single dissenting vote in the House or Senate.}}</ref>{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} It replaced {{lang|la|[[E pluribus unum]]}}, which had existed before as a ''de facto'' official motto.<ref name="RSAL22" /> The United States Code at {{USC|36|302}}, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto." The resolution was reaffirmed in 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, by the [[United States Senate|Senate]],<ref name="Senate22">{{cite news|author=Felicia Sonmez|date=2011-11-01|title=Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104034201/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/2chambers/post/social-issues-return-to-fore-with-in-god-we-trust-resolution/2011/10/31/gIQAXQasZM_blog.html|archive-date=2021-11-04|quote='In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States,' Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. 'Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.'}}</ref> and in 2011 by the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], in a 396 to 9 vote.<ref name="Reaffirm22">{{cite news|author=Jennifer Steinhauer|date=2011-11-03|title=In God We Trust, With the House's Help|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107012016/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/02/us/house-of-representatives-affirms-in-god-we-trust-motto.html|archive-date=2011-11-07|quote=Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution 'reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States.'}}</ref><ref name="Iqraar22">{{cite news|author=Todd Starnes|date=2011-11-03|title=See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'|work=[[Fox News]]|url=http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104222412/http://nation.foxnews.com/congress/2011/11/01/see-which-congressmen-voted-against-god-we-trust#ixzz1cYiMXHil|archive-date=2011-11-04|quote=The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).}}</ref> In 2000, the House additionally encouraged to publicly display the motto.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-07-23|title=House Votes For Display Of 'in God We Trust' Motto In Public Buildings|url=https://www.au.org/media/press-releases/house-votes-for-display-of-in-god-we-trust-motto-in-public-buildings|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|title=H. Res. 548 Engrossed in House|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-106hres548eh/html/BILLS-106hres548eh.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]}}</ref>
 
The [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] features the motto above the rostrum of the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]], which was carved in the wall in December 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Furniture {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=https://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/Capitol/1951-Present/Furniture/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref>
Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/In_God_We_Trust"