In God We Trust: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{untuk|album kelompok Stryper|In God We Trust (album)}}
[[Berkas:1in_god_we_trust.jpg|thumb|Capitalized "{{sc|IN GOD WE TRUST}}" on the reverse of a [[United States twenty-dollar bill]]|243x243px|alt="IN GOD WE TRUST" as it appears on the reverse of a [[United States twenty-dollar bill]], above the [[White House]]]]
"'''In God We Trust'''" (kadangkala ditulis "'''In God we trust'''", {{lang-id|Kepada Tuhan
Sementara penggunaan paling awal dari frasa ini dapat dilacak hingga pertengahan abad ke-19, asal-usul frasa ini sebagai semboyan politik digunakan semasa Perang Saudara Amerika, ketika para pendukung [[Negara Utara]] ingin menekankan keterikatan mereka kepada Tuhan dan meningkatkan moral.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Lienesch|first=Michael|date=May 2019|title="In God We Trust:" The U.S. National Motto and the Contested Concept of Civil Religion|journal=Religions|language=en|volume=10|issue=5|pages=340|doi=10.3390/rel10050340|doi-access=free}}</ref> Frasa yang ditulis dalam huruf kapital "IN GOD WE TRUST" pertama kali tertulis di [[2 sen (uang logam Amerika Serikat)|uang logam 2 sen]] pada tahun 1864,<ref name="USTreasury22">{{cite web|date=2011|title=History of 'In God We Trust'|url=https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417102334/https://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx|archive-date=2016-04-17|access-date=2017-03-14|website=[[U.S. Department of the Treasury]]|language=en-us}}</ref> [[Federal Reserve Note|uang kertas]] sejak tahun 1957, dan beberapa prangko sejak tahun 1954. Undang-undang mengenai ini disahkan pada bulan Juli 1955 oleh [[resolusi bersama]] [[Kongres Amerika Serikat ke-84|Kongres ke-84]] ({{uspl|84|140}}) dan disetujui Presiden [[Dwight Eisenhower]] mensyaratkan bahwa "In God We Trust" tampil di semua mata uang Amerika. Dua tahun kemudian, frasa ini digunakan di uang kertas untuk pertama kalinya, tepatnya [[sertifikat perak]] 1 dolar yang diperbarui yang mulai beredar pada 1 Oktober 1957.<ref name="USTreasury22" /> Kongres ke-84 mengesahkan undang-undang ({{uspl|84|851}}) yang menyatakan frasa ini sebagai semboyan nasional dan dan kemudian Presiden Dwight pada 30 Juli 1956 .<ref name="USTreasury22" />{{Efn|For the relevant statutes, see {{USC|36|302}} and [http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-70/pdf/STATUTE-70-Pg732-2.pdf United States Public Law 84-851]}} Beberapa negara bagian juga telah mengamanatkan atau mengizinkan penggunaan frasa ini di lembaga-lembaga negeri atau sekolah,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|last=Kelley|first=Bryan|title='In God We Trust': Public School Displays of the National Motto|url=https://ednote.ecs.org/in-god-we-trust-public-school-displays-of-the-national-motto/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[Education Commission of the States]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=September 2019|title=Display of National Motto in Public Schools|url=https://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/educ/In_God_We_Trust.pdf?ver=2019-10-22-113444-580×tamp=1571765698383|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-25|website=[[National Conference of State Legislatures]]}}</ref> sementara [[Florida]], [[Georgia (negara bagian)|Georgia]], dan [[Mississippi]] telah memasukkan frasa ini dalam beberapa simbol negara bagian mereka. Semboyan ini juga telah digunakan dalam beberapa kasus di negara lain terutama pada uang logam yang beredar di [[Nikaragua]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Billetes y Monedas en Circulación|url=https://www.bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/circulacion/circulacion.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190704082720/https://www.bcn.gob.ni/billetes_monedas/circulacion/circulacion.php|archive-date=2019-07-04|access-date=2021-05-29|website=[[Central Bank of Nicaragua]]|language=es}}</ref>
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Dalam [[Agama Yahudi]] dan [[Kekristenan]], semboyan resmi "In God We Trust" tidak ditemukan kata demi kata dalam ayat mana pun dari [[Alkitab]], tetapi frasa ini sangat erat kaitannya dalam Perjanjian Lama {{ayat Alkitab|Mazmur|91|2}} yang berbunyi, "Aku akan berkata tentang TUHAN, Dia adalah perlindunganku dan bentengku: Allahku; kepada-Nya aku akan percaya" dan Perjanjian Baru dalam {{ayat Alkitab|2 Korintus|1|10}} yang ebrbunyi, "Yang melepaskan kita dari kematian yang begitu besar, dan yang melepaskan: kepada-Nya kita percaya bahwa Dia akan membebaskan kita." Konsep ini diparafrasekan dalam {{ayat Alkitab|Mazmur|118|8}}, {{ayat Alkitab|Mazmur|40|3}}, {{ayat Alkitab|Mazmur|73|28}}, and {{ayat Alkitab|Amsal|29|25}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=In God We Trust: The Motto|url=http://www.allabouthistory.org/in-god-we-trust.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216035526/http://www.allabouthistory.org/in-god-we-trust.htm|archive-date=2013-02-16|access-date=2013-02-26|publisher=All About History}}</ref> Menurut Philip Jenkins, seorang sejarawan agama, beberapa terjemahan Alkitab menerjemahkan Mazmur 56:11 sebagai "Pada Tuhan aku percaya; aku tidak akan takut",<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Scottish Metrical Psalter|url=http://www.cgmusic.org/workshop/smp_frame.htm|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.cgmusic.org}}</ref> yang dapat menyebabkan penggantian "aku" pertama menjadi "kita".<ref name=":11" />
=== Dalam bodaya populer ===
[[File:2008_South_Carolina_license_plate_In_God_We_Trust_000_000.png|thumb|"In God We Trust" optional [[South Carolina license plates|license plate]] of South Carolina, designed in 2002|alt="In God We Trust" on the top of the optional license plate of South Carolina, designed in 2002. U.S. and South Carolina's flag appear weaving off a pole in the middle, separating two series of three characters each.]]
The motto has also appeared in [[Jean Shepherd]]'s book ''[[In God We Trust: All Others Pay Cash]]'', and in albums made by [[In God We Trust (Stryper album)|Stryper]], [[In God We Trust (Brand Nubian album)|Brand Nubian]] and [[In God We Trust (Mermen album)|Mermen]].
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=== Jajak pendapat ===
According to a 2003 joint poll by ''[[USA Today]]'', [[CNN]], and [[The Gallup Organization|Gallup]], 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins,<ref name="Poll22" /> however, a more recent student poll in 2019 by ''College Pulse'' made for ''[[The College Fix]]'' showed that just over a half of students supports inclusion of the national motto in currency, with two-thirds of those who recognised themselves as Democrats opposing and 94% of Republicans in favor of the measure.<ref name=":32" />
==Controversy==
"In God We Trust" has long been controversial as an official motto due to what opponents perceive as being a religious statement, and as such, violating the [[separation of church and state]]. Secular and atheist organisations, such as ''[[Americans United for Separation of Church and State]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sokol|first=Samantha|date=2020-07-02|title=Mississippi Trades Confederate Emblem For 'In God We Trust' On State Flag|url=https://www.au.org/blogs/mississippi-new-flag|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Americans United for Separation of Church and State|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web|last=Boston|first=Rob|date=2019-01-25|title=If 'In God We Trust' Isn't Really A Religious Statement, Then What Exactly Is It?|url=https://www.au.org/blogs/wall-of-separation/if-in-god-we-trust-isnt-really-a-religious-statement-then-what-exactly-is|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Americans United for Separation of Church and State|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Freedom From Religion Foundation]],''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nachreiner-Mackesey|first=Bailey|title=TAKE ACTION: "In God We Trust" bill has passed the Ill. House - Freedom From Religion Foundation|url=https://ffrf.org/news/action/item/38783-take-action-in-god-we-trust-bill-has-passed-the-ill-house|access-date=2021-05-31|website=ffrf.org|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nachreiner-Mackesey|first=Bailey|title=Take Action: N.H. lawmakers advance 'In God We Trust' in schools - Freedom From Religion Foundation|url=https://ffrf.org/news/action/item/38715-take-action-n-h-lawmakers-advance-in-god-we-trust-in-schools|access-date=2021-05-31|website=ffrf.org|language=en-gb}}</ref> as well as [[the Satanic Temple]]''<ref name=":17" />'' members, have all opposed inclusion of such motto. On the other hand, [[Project Blitz]] as well as conservative organisations and lawmakers have lobbied for its further adoption.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Project Blitz - "In God We Trust" Displays in Schools|url=https://www.blitzwatch.org/in-god-we-trust-school-displays|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=BlitzWatch|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Taylor|first=David|date=2019-01-14|title='In God We Trust' - the bills Christian nationalists hope will 'protect religious freedom'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jan/14/christian-nationalists-bills-religious-freedom-project-blitz|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref>
Proponents have extensively argued for inclusion of the national motto in more settings, grounding it in the traditional invocations of God that they say have now become an element of a civil religion and should express the will of the founders, who believed in God.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Foster|first=Thomas A.|date=2011-11-09|title="In God We Trust" or "E Pluribus Unum"? The American Founders Preferred the Latter Motto {{!}} Origins: Current Events in Historical Perspective|url=https://origins.osu.edu/history-news/god-we-trust-or-e-pluribus-unum-american-founders-preferred-latter-motto|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Oregon State University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Is This Significant?|url=https://ingodwetrust.com/about/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=In God We Trust|language=en}}</ref> Opponents, on the other hand, argue that not only does the motto violate the secular character of the United States, but it also predefines the type and number of gods (if any) to be trusted,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Avery|first=Daniel|date=2019-08-06|title=Where does "In God We Trust" come from? National motto appearing in public schools across America|url=https://www.newsweek.com/god-we-trust-motto-south-dakota-1452797|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Newsweek]]|language=en}}</ref> with some taking their arguments to the courts.
=== Litigation ===
The constitutionality of the phrase "In God We Trust" has been repeatedly upheld according to the judicial interpretation of [[accommodationism]], whose adherents state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.<ref name="Views22">{{cite book|author=Richard H. Fallon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vonnZcMHs8kC&pg=PA60|title=The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60078-1|page=60|quote="Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.|access-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118232121/https://books.google.com/books?id=vonnZcMHs8kC&pg=PA60|archive-date=2016-11-18|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''[[Zorach v. Clauson]]'' (1952), the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of [[God]] does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.<ref name="ABA22">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gymQ6vWfA3QC&q=Zorach+v.+Clauson+++In+God+We+Trust&pg=PA817|title=ABA Journal Sep 1962|date=September 1962|quote=Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in ''Zorach v. Clauson'', 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the ''Holy Trinity'' case, ''supra'', mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the ''Zorach'' case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of ''America'' which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God.|access-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119065015/https://books.google.com/books?id=gymQ6vWfA3QC&pg=PA817&dq=Zorach+v.+Clauson+++In+God+We+Trust#v=onepage&q=Zorach%20v.%20Clauson%20%20%20In%20God%20We%20Trust&f=false|archive-date=November 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The courts also rely on the notion of "[[ceremonial deism]]" (as defined in [[William J. Brennan Jr.|Brennan's]] dissent in ''[[Lynch v. Donnelly]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Merriam|first1=Jesse|last2=Lupu|first2=Ira|last3=Elwood|first3=F.|last4=Davis|first4=Eleanor|last5=Tuttle|first5=Robert|last6=R.|first6=David|last7=Kirschner|first7=Sherry|date=2008-08-28|title=On Ceremonial Occasions, May the Government Invoke a Deity?|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2008/08/28/on-ceremonial-occasions-may-the-government-invoke-a-deity/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|language=en-US}}</ref> i.e. that there exist religious references that, through their repetitious and customary usage, have become secular and are thus constitutional.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thorne|first=M.|date=Sep 2003|title=The Tangled Web of Ceremonial Deism|url=https://www.libertymagazine.org/article/the-tangled-web-of-ceremonial-deism|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Liberty Magazine]]}}</ref> While opponents of such rulings argue that [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]]'s notion of "wall of separation between church and state" prohibits any aid, direct or indirect, to any religious institution, and therefore any ruling to the contrary goes counter to [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founders]]' intent, this separationist view has not gained significant ground in judicial settings.<ref name="Views22" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=JONES|first=RICHARD H.|date=1989|title="In God We Trust" and the Establishment Clause|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23916922|journal=Journal of Church and State|volume=31|issue=3|pages=381–417|doi=10.1093/jcs/31.3.381|jstor=23916922|issn=0021-969X|via=[[JSTOR]]}}</ref>
Even though not directly related to the motto, ''[[Engel v. Vitale]]'' elicited much speculation on the future of "In God We Trust" in public settings. In the ruling, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] struck down a [[New York (state)|New York]] law that encouraged public schools to recite a prayer as written in state law on [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] grounds. The ruling sparked widespread outrage and was extremely unpopular at the time, even as the judges' decision was near-unanimous.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last=Lain|first=Corinna Barrett|date=2015|title=God, Civic Virtue, and the American Way: Reconstructing Engel|url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2153&context=law-faculty-publications|journal=[[Stanford Law Review]]|volume=67}}</ref> Almost 4/5 of Americans disapproved of the ruling, according to a [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lyons|first=Linda|date=2002-12-10|title=The Gallup Brain: Prayer in Public Schools|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/7393/Gallup-Brain-Prayer-Public-Schools.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|website=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]|language=en}}</ref> Congressmen were afraid that "In God We Trust" would have to disappear from coins and banknotes,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1962-06-28|title=THE SUPREME COURT DECISION ON PRAYER IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF NEW YORK|url=https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/28/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-5.pdf|journal=Congressional Record - Senate|pages=12226}}</ref> the feeling shared by the then president of the [[American Bar Association]], John C. Salterfield.<ref name=":02" /> Senator [[Sam Ervin]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from [[North Carolina]], went so far as to wonder if God was declared unconstitutional by that decision.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1962-06-26|title=The Supreme Court decision on prayer in public schools of New York|url=https://www.congress.gov/87/crecb/1962/06/26/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt9-3.pdf|journal=Congressional Record - Senate|pages=11709}}</ref> Congressmen tried to direct federal funds to buy [[Bible]]s for the Supreme Court justices and to propose a [[School Prayer Amendment|constitutional amendment]] allowing [[school prayer]] (both measures failed).<ref name=":21" /> A similar ruling the following year in ''[[Abington Township v. Schempp]]'' prompted senators to attempt to force the Supreme Court to hang the national motto in the courtroom, which also did not succeed.<ref name=":02" />
Even though the Supreme Court has never ruled directly on the constitutionality of "In God We Trust",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Dunn|first=Christopher|date=2015-10-02|title=Column: The Pope, Invoking God, and New York Courtrooms (New York Law Journal)|url=https://www.nyclu.org/en/publications/column-pope-invoking-god-and-new-york-courtrooms-new-york-law-journal|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=[[New York Civil Liberties Union]]|language=en|quote=The Supreme Court has never ruled on any aspect of government use of "In God We Trust," and the phrase appears only as an aside in a few of the Court's opinions.}}</ref> several [[United States courts of appeals|appellate federal courts]] and some state courts have, and the Supreme Court itself did not seem to have any problem with the phrase being inscribed on coins and banknotes.<ref name=":1" />
''[[Aronow v. United States]]'' was the first case to challenge the inclusion of "In God We Trust" on [[United States dollar|U.S. currency]].<ref name="AronowUS22">{{cite court|litigants=Aronow v. United States|court=9th Cir.|reporter=F.2d|vol=432|opinion=242|pinpoint=243|date=1970-10-06|url=http://openjurist.org/432/f2d/242/aronow-v-united-states|no=23444}}</ref> The passage of the statute that the lawsuit challenged ("the inscription 'In God we Trust'...shall appear on all United States currency and coins", {{USC|31|324a}})<ref name="AronowUS22" /> stood, and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit|Ninth Circuit]] stated that: "''its [motto's] use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise''". In ''O'Hair v. Blumenthal'' (1978), the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Texas|U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas]] also upheld the law. A similar decision was reached on appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit|Fifth Circuit]] in 1979, which affirmed that the "primary purpose of the slogan was secular".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Duncan|first=Ann W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6kZHs0yG5sC&q=Church-state+Issues+in+America+Today|title=Church-state Issues in America Today|date=2007-12-30|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0-275-99367-2|volume=1|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Ct.]]|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> The decision was reaffirmed by a ruling in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit|Tenth Circuit]] in ''Gaylor v. United States.''<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996-01-23|title=GAYLOR v. UNITED STATES|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-10th-circuit/1343475.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Findlaw|language=en-US}}</ref>
A series of lawsuits attempting to outlaw "In God We Trust" was filed, with support of the [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]], by [[Michael Newdow]], who was known for his previous case ''[[Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow]]'', in which the Ninth Circuit issued a ruling removing "under God" from the [[Pledge of Allegiance]] (the ruling was overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court). A federal judge in [[California]] rejected his reasoning in a June 2006 ruling, and the same conclusion was reached by the Ninth Circuit. Because the Supreme Court denied [[certiorari]], the appelate court's decision, which said that "the national motto is of a "patriotic or ceremonial character," has no "theological or ritualistic impact," and does not constitute "governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise,"" remained unchanged and in force.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Egelko|first=Bob|date=2011-03-08|title='In God We Trust' suit rejected by Supreme Court|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|url=http://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/In-God-We-Trust-suit-rejected-by-Supreme-Court-2471527.php|access-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213222045/https://www.sfgate.com/nation/article/In-God-We-Trust-suit-rejected-by-Supreme-Court-2471527.php|archive-date=2018-02-13}}</ref> A lawsuit filed by Newdow and Freedom from Religion Foundation in 2013 in New York also failed, both on trial<ref>{{cite web|title=Lawsuit to remove 'In God We Trust' from money gets dismissed - KSL.com|url=http://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=1016&sid=26823999&fm=most_popular|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224232917/https://www.ksl.com/index.php?nid=1016&sid=26823999&fm=most_popular|archive-date=2018-02-24|access-date=2018-02-24|work=ksl.com}}</ref> and on appeal to the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|Second Circuit]];<ref>{{Cite news|last=Volokh|first=Eugene|date=2014-05-28|title="In God We Trust" on currency doesn't violate the First Amendment or the Religious Freedom Restoration Act|work=[[Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/05/28/in-god-we-trust-on-currency-doesnt-violate-the-first-amendment-or-the-religious-freedom-restoration-act/|access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref> yet another one, filed in Ohio in 2016, was dismissed by the [[United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio|U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio]] and the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit|Sixth Circuit]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Doe Child #1 v. Congress of the United States, No. 16-4345 (6th Cir. 2018)|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca6/16-4345/16-4345-2018-05-29.html|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Justia Law|language=en}}</ref> The same happened with the lawsuit in the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit|Eighth Circuit]], which was unrelated to Newdow's efforts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=David L. Hudson|title=8th Circuit: "In God We Trust" on money is constitutional|url=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/post/177/8th-circuit-in-god-we-trust-on-money-is-constitutional|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=[[Middle Tennessee State University]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Stempel|first=Jonathan|date=2018-08-28|title=U.S. court rejects atheists' appeal over 'In God We Trust' on money|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-religion-motto-idUSKCN1LD24K|access-date=2021-06-01}}</ref>
In 2015, New Jersey state judge [[David F. Bauman]] dismissed a case against the [[Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District]] brought by a student of the district and the [[American Humanist Association]] that argued that the phrase "under God" in the [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|Pledge of Allegiance]] created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens".<ref>{{cite web|author=Salvador Rizzo|title=Hearing 'Under God' in Pledge of Allegiance does not violate rights of atheist students, NJ judge rules|url=http://www.northjersey.com/news/hearing-under-god-in-pledge-of-allegiance-does-not-violate-rights-of-atheist-students-nj-judge-rules-1.1332137|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310061721/http://www.northjersey.com/news/hearing-under-god-in-pledge-of-allegiance-does-not-violate-rights-of-atheist-students-nj-judge-rules-1.1332137|archive-date=2016-03-10|access-date=2016-02-29|work=NorthJersey.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2015-02-07|title=Judge Refuses To Kick God Out Of Public Schools|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maureensullivan/2015/02/07/judge-refuses-to-kick-god-out-of-public-schools/#11e06914435f|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229082828/http://www.forbes.com/sites/maureensullivan/2015/02/07/judge-refuses-to-kick-god-out-of-public-schools/#11e06914435f|archive-date=2016-02-29|access-date=2016-02-29|work=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> He noted that "as a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-04|title=AMERICAN HUMANIST ASSOCIATION v. 176|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/nj-superior-court/1700792.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Findlaw|language=en-US}}</ref>
Additionally, several courts have agreed that "In God We Trust" on public buildings does not violate the Establishment Clause: the [[New Hampshire Supreme Court]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=1967-04-06|title=Opinion of the Justices, 108 N.H. 97|url=https://casetext.com/case/opinion-of-the-justices-496|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=casetext.com}}</ref> and the Fourth Circuit<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lambeth v. Board of Commr's of Davidson County|url=https://www.leagle.com/decision/2005813418f3d3951778|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Leagle|language=en}}</ref> did so for public schools, with the same appelate federal court arguing the same for a county government office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LAMBETH v. BOARD OF COMMR'S OF DAVIDSON COUNTY {{!}} 407 F.3d 266 {{!}} 4th Cir. {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/us/591474e4add7b049343a767e|access-date=2021-06-01|website=www.casemine.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Douglas|first=Davison M.|author-link=Davison M. Douglas|date=2012-07-08|title=National Motto ''In God We Trust''|url=https://uscivilliberties.org/themes/4191-national-motto-in-god-we-trust.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Civil Liberties in the United States|language=en}}</ref>
While efforts to remove "In God We Trust" were largely fruitless, in ''[[Wooley v. Maynard]]'', the Supreme Court struck down a [[New Hampshire]] law mandating that every person carry the state motto on their license plates, noting that the State can't "use their private property as a 'mobile billboard' for the State's ideological message". In ''[[Obiter dictum|obiter dicta]]'', the majority agreed that this "In God We Trust" lawsuit should not be construed to be a basis for challenge to the constitutionality of the motto on U.S. currency, which they argued was not something that was either associated directly with the owner or made to display.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=WOOLEY v. MAYNARD (1977) No. 75-1453|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/430/705.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=Findlaw|language=en-US}}</ref>
== Usage in other countries ==
The [[Spanish language|Spanish]] equivalent of "In God We Trust", {{lang|es|En Dios Confiamos}}, is an unofficial motto of the [[Nicaragua|Republic of Nicaragua]]. The phrase can be seen on most of Nicaragua's coins.<ref name=":9" />
Additionally, the phrase has been used in heraldic settings. In 1860, the phrase was included in the [[coat of arms of New Westminster]], [[British Columbia]], and it stayed there ever since.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-10-07|title=Coat of Arms|url=http://www.city.new-westminster.bc.ca/symbols.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007110804/http://www.city.new-westminster.bc.ca/symbols.htm|archive-date=2006-10-07|access-date=2021-05-29|website=City of New Westminster}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City Symbols|url=https://www.newwestcity.ca/city_hall/media/city_symbols.php|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-01|website=City of New Westminster|language=EN}}</ref> Also, until 1997, the [[heraldic motto]] of [[Brighton, England]] was the [[Latin]] equivalent of the phrase, {{lang|la|In Deo Fidemus}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stock Photo – The coat of arms of Brighton with Motto: 'IN DEO FIDEMUS' – We trust in God on wall, Brighton, East Sussex, England UK in April|url=https://www.alamy.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-brighton-with-motto-in-deo-fidemus-we-trust-in-god-on-wall-brighton-east-sussex-england-uk-in-april-image179873295.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603073442/https://www.alamy.com/the-coat-of-arms-of-brighton-with-motto-in-deo-fidemus-we-trust-in-god-on-wall-brighton-east-sussex-england-uk-in-april-image179873295.html|archive-date=2019-06-03|access-date=2019-06-03|website=Alamy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Carder|first=Tim|date=1990|title=Arms and motto - Encyclopedia of Brighton|url=https://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/topics/corporation-and-council/corporation-and-council-4|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-29|language=en|via=My Brighton and Hove}}</ref>
== Lihat pula ==
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