Qatar: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Negara '''Qatar''' (dalam [[bahasa Arab]]: دولة قطر, ''Daulah Qatar'') adalah sebuah negara [[emirat]] di [[Timur Tengah]] yang terletak di sebuah semenanjung kecil di [[Jazirah Arab]] di [[Asia Barat]]. Satu-satunya batas darat mereka adalah [[Arab Saudi]] di selatan dan sisanya berbatasan dengan [[Teluk Persia]]. Teluk ini juga yang memisahkan Qatar dari negara pulau [[Bahrain]].
Setelah berada di bawah kekuasaan [[Kekaisaran Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]], Qatar menjadi [[protektorat Inggris]] pada awal abad ke-20 hingga merdeka pada tahun 1971. Qatar dipimpin oleh [[Keluarga Thani]] sejak awal abad ke-19. [[Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani|Syekh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani]] adalah pendiri Qatar. Qatar merupakan negara monarki dan kepala negaranya saat ini adalah Emir [[Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]. Qatar dapat disebut sebagai negara [[monarki konstitusional]]<ref name=BBC9Sep05>BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm ''How democratic is the Middle East?''], 9 September 2005.</ref><ref name=USState2011>United States Department of State [http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar], 2011.</ref> maupun [[monarki absolut]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/160077.pdf|title=US State Dept's Country Political Profile - Qatar|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref name=ftManage>{{cite news|last=Gardener |first=David |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|title=Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy|publisher=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref name=ciaw>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html#qa|title=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA Factbook]]}}</ref><ref name=cangov>{{cite news|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|title=Canada – Qatar Bilateral Relations|publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> tergantung opini. Pada tahun 2003, konstitusi baru disetujui oleh 98% penduduk.<ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|title=IFES Election Guide - Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|website=www.electionguide.org|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|title=Qatar 2003|website=www.princeton.edu|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2017-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Awal tahun 2017, total populasi Qatar mencapai 2,6 juta jiwa: 313.000 warga negara Qatar dan 2.3 juta [[ekspatriat]].<ref name=pop>{{cite web|url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality - 2017 report |accessdate=7 February 2017}}</ref>
Qatar adalah negara dengan [[pendapatan ekonomi tinggi]], ditopang oleh [[Daftar negara menurut cadangan gas alam terbukti|cadangan gas alam]] dan minyaknya yang terbesar ketiga sedunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archivedate=12 January 2013 |title=Indices & Data | Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=14 March 2013 |accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> Negara ini masuk dalam negara ber[[pendapatan per kapita]] [[Daftar negara menurut PDB (KKB) per kapita|tertinggi]] sedunia. Qatar digolongkan sebagai negara yang memiliki indeks pembangunan manusia sangat tinggi dan paling baik di antara negara Arab lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://dohanews.co/un-ranks-qatar-highest-among-arab-states-human-development/|title = Qatar human development|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> Qatar memiliki pengaruh cukup kuat di Jazirah Arab, mendukung beberapa kelompok pemberontak selama [[Musim Semi Arab]] baik secara finansial dan melalui grup media global mereka [[Jaringan Media Al Jazeera]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Dagher |first=Sam |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204002304576627000922764650 |title=Tiny Kingdom's Huge Role in Libya Draws Concern |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=17 October 2011 |accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |title=Qatar: Rise of an Underdog |publisher=Politicsandpolicy.org |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013 |archive-date=2017-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610115944/http://politicsandpolicy.org/article/qatar-rise-underdog |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Ian Black in Tripoli |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/26/qatar-troops-libya-rebels-support |title=Qatar admits sending hundreds of troops to support Libya rebels |publisher=Theguardian.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref> Untuk ukurannya, Qatar memegang pengaruh yang cukup penting di dunia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|title=Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?|publisher=Public Diplomacy Magazine|last=Cooper|first=Andrew F.|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2015-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317144416/http://publicdiplomacymagazine.com/middle-powers-squeezed-out-or-adaptive/|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|title=Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy|last=Kamrava|first=Mehran|accessdate=12 March 2015|archive-date=2013-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007183501/http://www18.georgetown.edu/data/people/mk556/publication-61175.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Qatar akan menjadi tuan rumah [[Piala Dunia FIFA 2022]], menjadi negara Arab pertama yang mendapatkannya.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Rhys in Doha |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/sport/2010/04/2010424184010305993.html |title=Blatter reaches out to Arabia |publisher=Aljazeera.com |date= |accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref>
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=== Hukum syariat ===
{{See also|Hak asasi manusia di Qatar}}
Menurut konstitusi Qatar, [[hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber semua kebijakan Qatar.<ref name="con">{{cite web|title=The Permanent Constitution of the State of Qatar|url=http://www.almeezan.qa/LawArticles.aspx?LawArticleID=25754&LawId=2284&language=en|publisher=Government of Qatar}}</ref><ref name=qat1>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Qatar|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9626|quote=Menurut Article 1: Qatar adalah negara Arab independen. Islam adalah agamanya dan hukum Syariat adalah sumber hukumnya.}}</ref> Dalam praktiknya, sistem hukum Qatar merupakan campuran antara [[hukum sipil (sistem hukum)|hukum sipil]] dan hukum Syariat.<ref>{{cite web
''[[Judicial corporal punishment]]'' adalah sesuatu yang umum di Qatar akibat [[Hanbali|interpretasi Hanbali]] hukum Syariat. [[Cambukan]] diberlakukan sebagai hukuman untuk pengonsumsi alkohol atau hubungan seksual terlarang.<ref name="amne" /> Kitab Pidana Qatar Artikel 88 menuliskan bahwa hukuman bagi pelaku zina adalah 100 cambukan,<ref name="flog" /> dan pada tahun 2006, seorang wanita Filipina mendapat hukuman ini.<ref name="flog">{{cite web|title=Filipino woman gets 100 lashes for giving birth in Qatar|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/9758/news/nation/filipino-woman-gets-100-lashes-for-giving-birth-in-qatar}}</ref> Pada tahun 2010, paling tidak 18 orang (sebagian besar warga asing) dihukum antara 40-100 cambuk akibat hubungan seksual terlarang atau konsumsi alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020022548/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2010|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tahun 2011, paling tidak 21 orang dihukum,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103135911/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2011#section-117-9|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan tahun 2012, ada 6 ekspatriat dihukum.<ref name="amne">{{cite web|title=Amnesty International Annual Report 2012 – Qatar|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref> Hanya Muslim yang sehat yang akan menjalani hukuman. Tidak diketahui pasti apakah hukuman benar dijalankan.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/qatar/report-2012#section-27-6 | work=Amnesty International | title=Annual Report | date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Pada bulan April 2013, seorang ekspatriat Muslim dihukum 40 cambukan karena ketahuan mengonsumsi alkohol,<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to 40 lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/qatar-sentences-man-40-lashes-for-drinking-alcohol-498986.html|publisher=Arabian Business}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar sentences man to lashes for drinking alcohol|url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|publisher=Al Akhbar|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006143325/http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/15593|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar court orders lashing of Muslim barber over drinking alcohol|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2013/04/22/Qatar-to-lash-Muslim-barber-over-drinking-alcohol-.html|publisher=Al Arabiya}}</ref> dan bulan Juni 2014, seorang ekspatriat Muslim juga dihukum 40 cambukan karena mengonsumsi alkohol dan mengendarai mobil di bawah pengaruh alkohol.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian expat sentenced to 40 lashes in Qatar for drink-driving|url=http://www.arabianbusiness.com/indian-expat-sentenced-40-lashes-in-qatar-for-drink-driving-552601.html|publisher=Arabian Business}}</ref>
[[Rajam]] adalah hukuman legal di Qatar,<ref>{{cite web|title=Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/special-report-the-punishment-was-death-by-stoning-the-crime-having-a-mobile-phone-8846585.html}}</ref> dan [[kemurtadan]] dan [[homoseksualitas]] dapat dijerat dengan [[hukuman mati]].<ref name=iheu>{{cite news|author= Jenifer Fenton|url=http://iheu.org/religious-law-prison-for-blasphemy-severe-sexual-inequalilty-qatars-human-rights-review/|title=Religious law, prison for "blasphemy", severe sexual inequalilty: Qatar's human rights review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=What are the worst countries in the world to be gay?|url=http://unitedexplanations.org/english/2014/05/20/what-are-the-worst-countries-in-the-world-to-be-gay/}}</ref> [[Penistaan]] dapat berujung hingga 7 tahun penjara, sedangkan menarik orang untuk berpindah agama dapat dijatuhi 10 tahun penjara.<ref name=iheu />
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# [[Al Wakrah]]
Untuk keperluan statistik, munisipalitas ini dibagi lagi menjadi 98 zona ({{As of|2010|lc=y}}),<ref name=admdiv>{{cite web|title=Administrative Division of the State|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/publication/pdf-file/Social/Population_Households_Establishment_QSA_Census_AE_2010.pdf|work=The General Census of Population and Housing, and Establishment Apr 2010|publisher=State of Qatar Statistics Authority|page=25|access-date=2017-06-10|archive-date=2012-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028225608/http://qsa.gov.qa/eng/publication/pdf-file/Social/Population_Households_Establishment_QSA_Census_AE_2010.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> yang dibagi lagi menjadi blok-blok.<ref>{{cite web|title = Population By Gender, Municipality And Zone, March 2004|url = http://www.planning.gov.qa/Qatar-Census-2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T02.htm|publisher = General Secretariat for Development Planning|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061212202517/http://www.planning.gov.qa/Qatar-Census-2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T02.htm|archivedate = 12 December 2006}}</ref>
== Ekonomi ==
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{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Agama di Qatar (2010)<ref>[http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php Global Religious Landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116005320/http://features.pewforum.org/grl/population-percentage.php |date=2013-11-16 }}. Pew Forum.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Population By Religion, Gender And Municipality March 2004|url=http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm|publisher=Qatar Statistics Authority|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2013-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518111025/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/QatarCensus/sensus_2004/pubulation-eng/Tabels/Pubulation/T06.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 67.7
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|color6 = Black
}}
Kebanyakan penduduk Qatar beragama [[Islam]]. Islam juga merupakan agama resmi negara.<ref>{{cite web|title=Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|publisher=US Department of State|quote=The official state religion follows the conservative Wahhabi tradition of the Hanbali school of Islam|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2014-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821170612/http://m.state.gov/md14011.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Selain etnik Arab, Qatar juga terdiri dari banyak ekspatriat yang bekerja di Qatar dalam industri minyak. Kebanyakan Muslim di Qatar mengikuti aliran [[Islam Sunni]], sedangkan Muslim yang mengikuti Syiah sekitar 20%.<ref name=wahh>{{cite web|title=Tiny Qatar's growing global clout|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13229852|publisher=BBC|date=30 April 2011|accessdate=12 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=insom>{{cite news|title=Qatar's modern future rubs up against conservative traditions|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|publisher=Reuters|date=27 September 2012|access-date=2017-06-07|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170941/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/27/uk-qatar-modernism-idUSLNE88Q00D20120927|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=risingreuters>{{cite news|title=Rising power Qatar stirs unease among some Mideast neighbors|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=13 June 2013|date=12 February 2013|archive-date=2015-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002041309/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/02/12/us-qatar-neighbours-idUSBRE91B0R920130212|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Report on International Religious Freedom – Qatar|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/50210591c.html
|publisher=US Department of State}}</ref> Penduduk Qatar 67.7% [[Muslim]], 13.8% [[Kristen]], 13.8% [[Hindu]] dan 3.1% [[Buddha]]- agama dan kepercayaan lainnya 1.6%.<ref name=pewrel>{{cite web|title=Religious Composition by Country|url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/globalReligion-tables.pdf|work=Global Religious Landscape|publisher=Pew Forum|accessdate=9 July 2013|archive-date=2013-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909201109/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Hukum Syariat]] adalah sumber utama legislasi Qatar menurut Konstitusi Qatar.<ref name="con" /><ref name="qat1" />
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{{wikivoyage|Qatar}}
* {{en}} [http://english.mofa.gov.qa/ Situs Kementerian Luar Negeri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110420200224/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/ |date=2011-04-20 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.experienceqatar.com/index1.php3 Situs resmi pariwisata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111043522/http://www.experienceqatar.com/index1.php3 |date=2006-11-11 }}
* {{en}} [http://www.explore-qatar.com/ Explore-Qatar.com]
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