Onkovirus: Perbedaan antara revisi
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SV40 telah banyak diteliti dan tidak menyebabkan kanker pada manusia tetapi analog yang belakangan ditemukan, yaitu [[Merkel cell polyomavirus|''Merkel cell polyomavirus'']] diasosiasikan dengan [[karsinoma sel Merkel]], salah satu kanker kulilt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Feng|first=Huichen|last2=Shuda|first2=Masahiro|last3=Chang|first3=Yuan|last4=Moore|first4=Patrick S.|date=2008-02-22|title=Clonal integration of a polyomavirus in human Merkel cell carcinoma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18202256|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=319|issue=5866|pages=1096–1100|doi=10.1126/science.1152586|issn=1095-9203|pmc=2740911|pmid=18202256}}</ref> Ciri ikatan Rb diketahui sama pada dua virus tersebut.<ref name=":6" />
== Klasifikasi ==
=== Virus DNA ===
* ''[[Infeksi papilomavirus manusia|Human papillomavirus]]'' (HPV) menyebabkan [[Transformasi maligna|transformasi]] sel dengan interferensi terhadap protein supresor tumor seperti [[p53]]. Interferensi tersebut menyebabkan suatu sel yang terinfeksi dengan HPV melanjutkan siklus sel ke tahap berikutnya sehingga genom virus dapat tereplikasi. Pemaksaan sel ke fase S [[siklus sel]] dapat menyebabkan sel mengalami transformasi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scheffner|first=M.|last2=Werness|first2=B. A.|last3=Huibregtse|first3=J. M.|last4=Levine|first4=A. J.|last5=Howley|first5=P. M.|date=1990-12-21|title=The E6 oncoprotein encoded by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 promotes the degradation of p53|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2175676|journal=Cell|volume=63|issue=6|pages=1129–1136|doi=10.1016/0092-8674(90)90409-8|issn=0092-8674|pmid=2175676}}</ref> Infeksi HPV adalah penyebab mayor [[Kanker leher rahim|kanker serviks]], [[kanker vulva]], [[kanker vagina]], [[kanker penis]], [[kanker anus]], dan [[kanker orofaring]] [[Kanker orofaring HPV-positif|HPV-positif]].<ref name="Parkin06" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Muñoz|first=Nubia|last2=Bosch|first2=F. Xavier|last3=de Sanjosé|first3=Silvia|last4=Herrero|first4=Rolando|last5=Castellsagué|first5=Xavier|last6=Shah|first6=Keerti V.|last7=Snijders|first7=Peter J. F.|last8=Meijer|first8=Chris J. L. M.|last9=International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group|date=2003-02-06|title=Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12571259|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|volume=348|issue=6|pages=518–527|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa021641|issn=1533-4406|pmid=12571259}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schiffman|first=Mark|last2=Castle|first2=Philip E.|last3=Jeronimo|first3=Jose|last4=Rodriguez|first4=Ana C.|last5=Wacholder|first5=Sholom|date=2007-09-08|title=Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17826171|journal=Lancet (London, England)|volume=370|issue=9590|pages=890–907|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61416-0|issn=1474-547X|pmid=17826171}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kreimer|first=Aimée R.|date=2014-06|title=Prospects for prevention of HPV-driven oropharynx cancer|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23876626|journal=Oral Oncology|volume=50|issue=6|pages=555–559|doi=10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.06.007|issn=1879-0593|pmc=4058827|pmid=23876626}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Ljubojevic|first=Suzana|last2=Skerlev|first2=Mihael|date=2014-03|title=HPV-associated diseases|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24559558|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|volume=32|issue=2|pages=227–234|doi=10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007|issn=1879-1131|pmid=24559558}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer|website=www.who.int|language=en|access-date=2022-01-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Jamal|first=Zohaib|last2=Anjum|first2=Fatima|date=2021|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK563268/|title=Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=33085415}}</ref> Terdapat hampir 200 HPV yang berbeda,<ref name=":8" /> dan banyak di antaranya karsinogenik.<ref name="Parkin06" /><ref name=":7" />
* [[Virus hepatitis B]] (HBV) diasosiasikan dengan [[hepatokarsinoma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tang|first=Ceen-Ming|last2=Yau|first2=Tung On|last3=Yu|first3=Jun|date=2014-05-28|title=Management of chronic hepatitis B infection: current treatment guidelines, challenges, and new developments|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876747|journal=World Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=20|issue=20|pages=6262–6278|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i20.6262|issn=2219-2840|pmc=4033464|pmid=24876747}}</ref>
* [[Virus Epstein-Barr]] (EBV atau HHV-4) diasosiasikan dengan empat jenis kanker.
* ''[[Human cytomegalovirus]]'' (CMV atau HHV-5) diasosiasikan dengan [[karsinoma mukoepidermoid]] dan kemungkinan kanker lain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Melnick|first=Michael|last2=Sedghizadeh|first2=Parish P.|last3=Allen|first3=Carl M.|last4=Jaskoll|first4=Tina|date=2012-02|title=Human cytomegalovirus and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary glands: cell-specific localization of active viral and oncogenic signaling proteins is confirmatory of a causal relationship|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22101257|journal=Experimental and Molecular Pathology|volume=92|issue=1|pages=118–125|doi=10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.10.011|issn=1096-0945|pmid=22101257}}</ref>
* ''[[Karposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]]'' (KSHV atau HHV-8) diasosiasikan dengan [[sarkoma Kaposi]], salah satu kanker kulit.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chang|first=Y.|last2=Cesarman|first2=E.|last3=Pessin|first3=M. S.|last4=Lee|first4=F.|last5=Culpepper|first5=J.|last6=Knowles|first6=D. M.|last7=Moore|first7=P. S.|date=1994-12-16|title=Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7997879|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=266|issue=5192|pages=1865–1869|doi=10.1126/science.7997879|issn=0036-8075|pmid=7997879}}</ref>
* ''[[Merkel cell polyomavirus]]'' - salah satu ''[[Polyomaviridae|polyomavirus]] -'' diasosiasikan dengan munculnya [[karsinoma sel Merkel]].<ref name=":6" />
=== Virus RNA ===
Sejumlah [[virus RNA]] diasosiasikan dengan kanker, antara lain virus hepatitis C (HCV)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGivern|first=D. R.|last2=Lemon|first2=S. M.|date=2011-04|title=Virus-specific mechanisms of carcinogenesis in hepatitis C virus associated liver cancer|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/onc2010594|journal=Oncogene|language=en|volume=30|issue=17|pages=1969–1983|doi=10.1038/onc.2010.594|issn=1476-5594}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Ming V.|last2=King|first2=Lindsay Y.|last3=Chung|first3=Raymond T.|date=2015-01-24|title=Hepatitis C Virus–Associated Cancer|url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040323|journal=Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=345–370|doi=10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040323|issn=1553-4006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Minjie|last2=Wang|first2=Yuting|last3=Feng|first3=Xiaoshuang|last4=Wang|first4=Ruijun|last5=Wang|first5=Yanmei|last6=Zeng|first6=Hongmei|last7=Qi|first7=Jun|last8=Zhao|first8=Hong|last9=Li|first9=Ni|date=2017-12-01|title=Contribution of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus to liver cancer in China north areas: Experience of the Chinese National Cancer Center|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971217302278|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=65|pages=15–21|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2017.09.003|issn=1201-9712}}</ref>. Sejumlah retrovirus di antaranya juga demikian, e.g. ''[[human T-lymphotropic virus]]'' (HTLV-1)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Esau|first=Daniel|date=2017-01-01|title=Viral Causes of Lymphoma: The History of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/1178122X17731772|journal=Virology: Research and Treatment|language=en|volume=8|pages=1178122X17731772|doi=10.1177/1178122X17731772|issn=1178-122X|pmc=PMC5621661|pmid=28983187}}</ref> dan [[virus sarkoma Rous]] (RSV).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Elemento|first=Olivier|date=2021-03-12|title=The road from Rous sarcoma virus to precision medicine|url=https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20201754|journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=218|issue=4|pages=e20201754|doi=10.1084/jem.20201754|issn=0022-1007}}</ref>
== Virus utama untuk kanker manusia ==
Virus-virus utama yang diasosiasikan dengan kanker manusia yaitu HPV, [[Virus hepatitis B|HBV]], [[Virus hepatitis C|HCV]], [[virus Epstein-Barr]], [[Human T-lymphotropic virus|HTLV-1]], ''[[Karposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus]],'' dan ''[[Merkel cell polyomavirus]].'' Data eksperimen dan epidemiologi menunjukkan peran penyebab virus-virus dan mereka ditemukan merupakan faktor risiko paling penting kedua dalam pembentukan kanker manusia; faktor risiko paling penting adalah konsumsi rokok.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=zur Hausen|first=H.|date=1991-11-22|title=Viruses in human cancers|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1659743|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=254|issue=5035|pages=1167–1173|doi=10.1126/science.1659743|issn=0036-8075|pmid=1659743}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
Sejarah penemuan kanker virus berkaitan dengan [[Sejarah kanker|sejarah penelitian kanker]] dan [[sejarah virologi]]. Dokumentasi tertua yang masih ada tentang kanker manusia adalah [[Undang-undang Hammurabi|Undang-Undang Hammurabi]] [[Babilonia]] (ca. 1754 SM) tetapi [[onkologi]] ilmiah baru muncul pada abad ke-19 ketika [[tumor]] diteliti pada level mikroskopis dengan bantuan [[Mikroskop|mikroskop majemuk]] dan [[lensa akromatis]]. [[Mikrobiologi]] abad ke-19 mengumpulkan bukti yang menunjukkan bahwa bakteri, fungi (dan [[khamir]]), dan [[protozoa]] berperan dalam pembentukan kanker. Pada tahun 1926, Penghargaan Nobel diberikan pada dokumentasi [[Nematoda|cacing nematoda]] yang dapat menyebabkan [[kanker lambung]] pada tikus. Namun, pandangan bahwa kanker dapat bermula dari infeksi muncul lama setelahnya karena virus untuk pertama kalinya ditemukan oleh [[Dmitri Ivanovsky]] dan [[Martinus Beijerinck]] pada akhir abad ke-19.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Javier|first=Ronald T.|last2=Butel|first2=Janet S.|date=2008-10-01|title=The history of tumor virology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18829521|journal=Cancer Research|volume=68|issue=19|pages=7693–7706|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-3301|issn=1538-7445|pmc=3501656|pmid=18829521}}</ref>
==Referensi==
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