Orang Māori: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Terdapat berbagai faktor yang menyebabkan transisi ke periode Klasik (periode pada saat terjadi kontak dengan orang Eropa), antara lain [[Zaman Es Kecil|iklim yang sangat mendingin]] sejak tahun 1500,<ref name=atholl>{{cite web |last1= Anderson |first1= Atholl |title= The Making of the Māori Middle Ages |url= https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/jnzs/article/download/3987/3554 |publisher=Open Systems Journal |access-date= 18 August 2019}}</ref> serta kepunahan burung [[moa]] dan spesies makanan lainnya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Rawlence |first1= Nicholas J. | last2= Kardamaki |first2= Afroditi |last3= Easton |first3= Luke J. |last4= Tennyson |first4= Alan J.D. | last5= Scofield |first5= R. Paul | last6= Waters |first6= Jonathan M. |title= Ancient DNA and morphometric analysis reveal extinction and replacement of New Zealand's unique black swans |journal= Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume= 284 |issue= 1859 |pages= 20170876 |date= 26 July 2017 |doi= 10.1098/rspb.2017.0876|pmid= 28747476 |pmc= 5543223 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Till |first1= Charlotte E. |last2= Easton |first2= Luke J. |last3= Spencer |first3= Hamish G. |last4= Schukard |first4= Rob |last5= Melville |first5= David S. |last6= Scofield |first6= R. Paul |last7= Tennyson |first7= Alan J.D. |last8= Rayner |first8= Matt J. |last9= Waters |first9= Jonathan M. |last10= Kennedy |first10= Martyn |title= Speciation, range contraction and extinction in the endemic New Zealand King Shag | journal= Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume= 115 |pages= 197–209 |date= October 2017 |doi= 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.07.011|pmid= 28803756 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Oskam |first1= Charlotte L.|last2= Allentoft |first2= Morten E.|last3= Walter |first3= Richard |last4= Scofield |first4= R. Paul | last5= Haile |first5= James |last6= Holdaway |first6= Richard N. |last7= Bunce |first7= Michael |last8= Jacomb |first8= Chris |year= 2012 |title= Ancient DNA analyses of early archaeological sites in New Zealand reveal extreme exploitation of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) at all life stages |journal= Quaternary Science Reviews |volume= 53 |pages= 41–48 |doi= 10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.007|bibcode=2012QSRv...52...41O|url= http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10637/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1= Holdaway |first1= Richard N. | last2= Allentoft |first2= Morten E. |last3= Jacomb |first3= Christopher |last4= Oskam |first4= Charlotte L. | last5= Beavan | first5= Nancy R. | last6= Bunce |first6= Michael |title= An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa|journal= Nature Communications|volume= 5 |issue= 5436 |pages= 5436 |date= 7 November 2014 |doi= 10.1038/ncomms6436|pmid= 25378020 |bibcode= 2014NatCo...5.5436H |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1= Perry |first1= George L.W. | last2= Wheeler |first2= Andrew B. |last3= Wood |first3= Jamie R.|last4= Wilmshurst |first4= Janet M. |year= 2014 |title= A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)|journal= Quaternary Science Reviews|volume= 105 |pages= 126–135 |doi= 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025|bibcode= 2014QSRv..105..126P }}</ref>
Periode Klasik ditandai dengan keberadaan senjata dan ornamen yang terbuat dari batu hijau (''[[pounamu]]''), [[Waka taua|kano perang]] yang berukiran rumit, serta keberadaan ''{{lang|mi|[[wharenui]]}}'' (rumah musyawarah).<ref name="neich">Neich Roger, 2001. ''Carved Histories: Rotorua Ngati Tarawhai Woodcarving''. Auckland: Auckland University Press, pp 48–49.</ref> [[Budaya petarung]] yang garang kemudian juga muncul, besertaan dengan benteng di atas bukit yang dikenal sebagai ''[[pā]]''<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/H/HongiHika/HongiHika/en HONGI HIKA (c. 1780–1828) Ngapuhi war chief], ''An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand''.</ref> dan kemunculan praktik kanibalisme.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10462390">{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/topic/story.cfm?c_id=252&objectid=10462390 |title= 'Battle rage' fed Maori cannibalism |author= Masters, Catherine |date= 8 September 2007 |work= [[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date= 19 October 2011 |archive-date= 2020-06-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200625085648/https://www.nzherald.co.nz// |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cow02NewZ-c20.html James Cowan, ''The New Zealand Wars: A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period:'' Volume II, 1922.]</ref><ref>{{cite book | last1 = Moon | first1 = Paul | author-link1 = Paul Moon | title = This Horrid Practice | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfGcDwAAQBAJ | publisher = Penguin Random House New Zealand Limited | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-74228-705-8 | access-date = 9 December 2019 | quote = Buku ini meneliti tentang praktik kanibalisme tradisional di suku Māori, dari awal mulanya di Polinesia hingga berhenti di awal abad ke-19.}}</ref>
Pada sekitar tahun 1500, sekelompok orang Māori bermigrasi ke arah timur, ke [[Kepulauan Chatham]]. Mereka berkembang menjadi suku [[Moriori]].<ref>{{cite book|last= Clark|first= Ross|year= 1994|chapter= Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence|editor-last= Sutton|editor-first= Douglas|title= The Origins of the First New Zealanders|location= Auckland|publisher=[[Auckland University Press]]|pages= 123–135}}</ref> Suku ini menekankan [[pasifisme|kedamaian]] dalam budaya mereka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baofu |first1=Peter |title=The Future of Post-Human War and Peace: A Preface to a New Theory of Aggression and Pacificity |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-2171-1 |page=257 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml0aBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA257 |access-date=14 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
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Dari populasi yang menyatakan diri orang Māori pada sensus 2013, 278.199 menyatakan bahwa mereka murni Māori, sementara 260.229 menyatakan keturunan campuran antara orang Eropa dan Māori. Terdapat tingkat pernikahan antaretnis yang besar antara kedua kelompok etnis tersebut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE8028|title=Ethnic group (detailed single and combination) by age group and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2013 -- NZ.Stat|publisher=Statistics New Zealand|access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> ''Iwi'' yang terbesar menurut populasi adalah [[Ngāpuhi]] (125.601), diikuti dengan [[Ngāti Porou]] (71.049), [[Ngāi Tahu]] (54.819), dan [[Waikato]] (40.083). Sekitar 110.000 orang keturunan Māori tidak dapat menemukan ''iwi'' mereka.<ref name="Quickstats">{{cite web|author=Statistics New Zealand|author-link=Statistics New Zealand|title=2013 Census QuickStats About Māori|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-about-maori-english.aspx|access-date=20 December 2013}}</ref>
Di luar Selandia Baru, banyak orang Māori yang hidup di Australia. Kira-kira ada 155.000 pada tahun 2011.<ref name="Hamer">{{citation |author=Hamer, Paul |year=2012 |title=Māori in Australia: An Update from the 2011 Australian Census and the 2011 New Zealand General Election | ssrn=2167613 }}</ref> Pada tahun 2007, Partai Māori mengatakan bahwa harus ada kursi khusus untuk representasi orang Māori di parlemen Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/1385989/2556418.xhtml |title=Sharples suggests Maori seat in Australia |publisher=Television New Zealand|date=1 October 2007 |access-date=9 January 2011}}</ref> Ada pula populasi kecil di Britania Raya (sekitar 8.000), Amerika Serikat (hingga 3.500) dan Kanada (sekitar 1.000).<ref name="Walrond" /><ref name="uscb">New Zealand-born figures from the 2000 U.S. Census; maximum figure represents sum of "Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander" and people of mixed race. United States Census Bureau (2003).''{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-new_zealand.pdf |title=Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New Zealand }} {{small|(103 KB)}}''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau.</ref><ref name="statcan">Statistics Canada (2003).''[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0EthnicOrigin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census – 20% Sample Data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913113259/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0EthnicOrigin |date=2019-09-13 }}''. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001.</ref>
== Budaya ==
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* Irwin, Geoffrey (1992). ''The Prehistoric Exploration and Colonisation of the Pacific''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Simmons, D.R. (1997). ''Ta Moko, The Art of Maori Tattoo''. Revised Edition. First published 1986. Auckland: Reed.
* Statistics Canada (2003). ''Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data.''. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. No. 97F0010XCB2001001. [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725075428/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=62911&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=44&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 |date=2009-07-25 }}
* Statistics New Zealand (2005). ''Estimated resident population of Māori ethnic group, at 30 June 1991-2005, selected age groups by sex''. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand. [http://www.stats.govt.nz/tables/maori-popn-est-tables.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026012901/http://www.stats.govt.nz/tables/maori-popn-est-tables.htm |date=2007-10-26 }}
* Sutton, Douglas G. (Ed.) (1994). ''The Origins of the First New Zealanders''. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
* United States Census Bureau (2003). ''Census 2000 Foreign-Born Profiles (STP-159): Country of Birth: New Zealand''. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau. [http://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/stp-159/stp159-new_zealand.pdf]
* Walrond, Carl (2005). ''Māori overseas'', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. [http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/en] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807183954/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/MaoriNewZealanders/MaoriOverseas/en |date=2009-08-07 }}
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
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