Tenaga nuklir: Perbedaan antara revisi

Daya nuklir menyumbangkan sekitar 6% dari seluruh kebutuhan energi dunia, dan 13-14% kebutuhan listrik di dunia. Gabungan energi nuklir di [[Energi nuklir di Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], [[Energi nuklir di Prancis|Prancis]], dan [[Energi nuklir di Jepang|Jepang]] menyumbang 50% dari seluruh pembangkit listrik nuklir yang ada.<ref name="iea_pdf">{{Cite journal |year=2007 |title=Key World Energy Statistics 2007 |url=http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=[[International Energy Agency]] |access-date=2008-06-21 |journal= |archive-date=2018-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003055709/https://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Penggunaan energi nuklir sampai saat ini masih kontroversial dan banyak memunculkan [[Perdebatan mengenai tenaga nuklir|perdebatan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2011/mar/27/nuclear-controversy/ |title=The nuclear controversy |last=Union-Tribune Editorial Board |date=March 27, 2011 |website=Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">James J. MacKenzie. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2823429?cookieSet=1 Review of The Nuclear Power Controversy] by [[Arthur W. Murphy]] ''The Quarterly Review of Biology'', Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec., 1977), pp. 467-468.</ref><ref name="A Reasonable Bet on Nuclear Power">In February 2010 the nuclear power debate played out on the pages of the ''[[New York Times]]'', see [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/18/opinion/18thur2.html?scp=1&sq=a%20reasonable%20bet%20on%20nuclear%20power&st=cse A Reasonable Bet on Nuclear Power] and [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/opinion/l20nuclear.html Revisiting Nuclear Power: A Debate] and [http://roomfordebate.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/a-comeback-for-nuclear-power/ A Comeback for Nuclear Power?]</ref> Para pendukungnya, seperti [[Asosiasi Nuklir Dunia]] dan [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|IAEA]], mengatakan bahwa energi nuklir adalah salah satu sumber energi yang dapat mengurangi [[emisi karbon]].<ref name="bloomberg.com">[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000103&sid=aXb5iuqdZoD4&refer=us U.S. Energy Legislation May Be 'Renaissance' for Nuclear Power].</ref> [[Gerakan anti-nuklir|Yang menolak]], seperti [[Greenpeace]] dan [[Nuclear Information and Resource Service|NIRS]], mempercayai bahwa nuklir akan membahayakan manusia dan lingkungan.<ref name="Share">{{Cite web |url=http://www.projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/4-nuclear-waste-pools-in-north-carolina/ |title=Nuclear Waste Pools in North Carolina |last=Share |publisher=Projectcensored.org |access-date=2010-08-24 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019183432/http://projectcensored.org/top-stories/articles/4-nuclear-waste-pools-in-north-carolina/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="NC WARN » Nuclear Power">[http://www.ncwarn.org/?cat=18 NC WARN » Nuclear Power]</ref><ref name="Sturgis">{{Cite web |url=http://www.southernstudies.org/2009/04/post-4.html |title=Investigation: Revelations about Three Mile Island disaster raise doubts over nuclear plant safety |last=Sturgis |first=Sue |publisher=Southernstudies.org |access-date=2010-08-24 |archive-date=2010-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209051243/http://www.southernstudies.org/2009/04/post-4.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Beberapa [[kecelakaan akibat nuklir dan radiasi]] telah bermunculan. Kecelakaan akibat [[pembangkit listrik tenaga nuklir]] di antaranya [[Bencana Chernobyl]] (1986), [[Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi]] (2011), dan [[Bencana Three Mile Island]] (1979).<ref name=timenuke/> Untuk kecelakaan kecil pada [[Kapal selam bertenaga nuklir]] misalnya pada [[Kapal selam Soviet K-19|K-19]] (1961),<ref name="rad">[http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf Strengthening the Safety of Radiation Sources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326181428/http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull413/article1.pdf |date=2009-03-26 }} p. 14.</ref> [[Kapal selam Soviet K-27|K-27]] (1968),<ref name="johnston2007">{{Cite web |url=http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/radevents/radevents1.html |title=Deadliest radiation accidents and other events causing radiation casualties |last=Johnston, Robert |date=September 23, 2007 |publisher=Database of Radiological Incidents and Related Events}}</ref> dan [[Kapal selam Soviet K-431|K-431]] (1985).<ref name="timenuke">{{Cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html |title=The Worst Nuclear Disasters |access-date=2011-06-16 |archive-date=2013-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826132324/http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1887705,00.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Penelitian internasional terus melakukan peningkatan keamanan energi nuklir, seperti dengan [[pengamanan nuklir pasif]],<ref name="David Baurac 2002">{{Cite journal |last=David Baurac |year=2002 |title=Passively safe reactors rely on nature to keep them cool |url=http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/logos20-1/passive01.htm |journal=Logos |publisher=[[Argonne National Laboratory]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |access-date=2007-11-01}}</ref> dan adalanya kemungkinan untuk menggunakan [[fusi nuklir]].

Sampai tahun 2005, pembangkit listrik nuklir menyediakan 6.3% dari jumlah energi dunia, dan 15% dari listrik terpasang dunia. Negara-negara seperti [[Energi nuklir di Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], [[Energi nuklir di Prancis|Prancis]], dan [[Energi nuklir di Jepang|Jepang]] menyumbang 56.5% dari seluruh energi nuklir dunia.<ref name="iea_pdf"/> Tahun 2007, [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional|IAEA]] melaporkan ada 439 reaktor nuklir yang dioperasikan<ref name=iaea_reactors>{{cite web

| accessdate= 2008-06-21}}

Pada tanggal 27 Juni 1954, [[Pembangkit Listrik Nuklir Obninsk]] di [[Uni Soviet]] menjadi pembangkit listrik nuklir pertama di dunia yang memproduksi listrik sebesar 5 kiloWatt.<ref name="IAEANews">{{cite web |title=From Obninsk Beyond: Nuclear Power Conference Looks to Future|work=[[International Atomic Energy Agency]] |url= http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/News/2004/obninsk.html | accessdate = 2006-06-27}}</ref><ref name="WNA">{{cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Russia |work=[[World Nuclear Association]] |url= http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.htm | accessdate = 2006-06-27 |archive-date=2009-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225233605/http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf45.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Jumlah limbah tingkat tinggi yang banyak ini dapat dikurangi dengan [[proses ulang nuklir]]. Meski begitu, sifat radioaktifnya masih akan bertahan selama paling tidak 300 tahun (kalau aktinidanya dihilangkan) dan bisa memakan ribuan tahun kalau aktinidanya tidak dihilangkan. Masalah ini menjadi masalah dengan jangka waktu yang lama. Jika menggunakan [[Reaktor subcritical]] atau [[reaktor fusi]], maka dapat mengurangi waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk menyimpan limbahnya.<ref name="wna-adne">{{cite web |url= http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf35.htm |title=Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy |accessdate=2006-11-09 |publisher=World Nuclear Association |year=2003 |work=Information and Issue Briefs |archive-date=2010-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103014434/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf35.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

* [http://www.chemcases.com/2003version/nuclear/nc-10.htm An entry to nuclear power through an educational discussion of reactors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729160411/http://www.chemcases.com/2003version/nuclear/nc-10.htm |date=2012-07-29 }}