Letusan dan tsunami Hunga Tonga 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi

}}<br/>

| map_caption =

}}

Letusan besar [[Hunga Tonga]], sebuah pulau vulkanik di [[Tonga]] di [[Samudra Pasifik]], terjadi pada 14 Januari 2022. Hunga Tonga terletak 65 km di utara [[Tongatapu]], pulau utama Tonga dan dan merupakan bagian dari [[busur vulkanik]] Tonga–[[Kepulauan Kermadec]] yang sangat aktif, [[zona subduksi]] yang membentang dari utara-timur laut Selandia Baru hingga Fiji.<ref>{{cite gvp |vn=243040 |name=Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai}}</ref><ref>Clift, Peter D.; Rose, Estelle F.; Shimizu, Nobumichi; Layne, Graham D.; Draut, Amy E.; and Regelous, Marcel. "Tracing the Evolving Flux From the Subducting Plate in the Tonga-Kermadec Arc System Using Boron in Volcanic Glass." ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta.'' 65:19 (October 2001). {{doi|10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00670-6}}</ref><ref name="Gupta">Gupta, Alok K. ''Igneous Rocks.'' Mumbai, India: Allied Publishers, 1998. {{ISBN|81-7023-784-X}}</ref> Letusan ini menyebabkan [[tsunami]] di Tonga, [[Fiji]], dan [[Samoa Amerika]]. Peringatan tsunami dikeluarkan di Fiji, [[Samoa]], [[Vanuatu]], [[Selandia Baru]], [[Australia]], [[Jepang]], [[Amerika Serikat]], [[Meksiko]], [[Chili]], dan [[Ekuador]]. Gelombang tsunami yang merusak dilaporkan terjadi di Selandia Baru, Amerika Serikat, Chili dan Peru. Dua orang tenggelam di Peru ketika gelombang setinggi 2 meter menghantam pantai dan dua nelayan di Amerika Serikat menderita luka ringan. Peristiwa ini ialah [[daftar letusan gunung berapi terbesar pada abad ke-21|letusan gunung berapi terbesar abad ke-21]] hingga saat ini.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Tonga eruption likely the world's largest in 30 years - scientist|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/459657/tonga-eruption-likely-the-world-s-largest-in-30-years-scientist|website=rnz.co.nz|date=17 January 2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116200252/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/459657/tonga-eruption-likely-the-world-s-largest-in-30-years-scientist|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Pusat Peringatan Tsunami Nasional]] mengeluarkan peringatan tsunami di sepanjang [[Pesisir Barat Amerika Serikat]] dan [[British Columbia]], [[Kanada]].<ref name="Hamer"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Bartiromo|title=Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after eruption of undersea volcano|date=January 15, 2022|website=WRIC.com|url=https://www.wric.com/news/u-s-world/tsunami-advisory-issued-for-west-coast-after-eruption-of-undersea-volcano/|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Nasihat itu berisi semua wilayah AS di sepanjang Pantai Barat dari [[California Selatan]] hingga [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tsunami advisory issued for West Coast after underwater volcano erupts near Tonga|date=January 15, 2022|website=10News.com|url=https://www.10news.com/news/national/tsunami-advisory-issued-for-west-coast-after-underwater-volcano-erupts-near-tonga|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Pantai ditutup dan penduduk pesisir diminta pindah ke tempat yang lebih tinggi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tsunami advisory issued for California coast; beaches closed, waves expected|date=15 January 2022|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-01-15/tsunami-warning-issued-for-california-beaches-from-volcano-explosion|access-date=15 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Kwan">{{cite news |author1=Rhoda Kwan |title=Tsunami advisory issued for U.S. West Coast after undersea volcanic eruption |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/tsunami-advisory-issued-parts-us-west-coast-undersea-volcanic-eruption-rcna12350 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Pertandingan berselancar yang diikuti 100 peserta dibatalkan di [[Santa Cruz]].<ref name=mercurynews_15012022/><ref>{{cite news|first=Jim|last=Seimas|title=Tsunami forces cancellation of Day 1 of USA Surfing Prime Steamer Lane|date=15 January 2021|newspaper=Santa Cruz Sentinel|url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2022/01/15/tsunami-forces-cancellation-of-day-1-of-usa-surfing-prime-steamer-lane/|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116051127/https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/2022/01/15/tsunami-forces-cancellation-of-day-1-of-usa-surfing-prime-steamer-lane/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gelombang tsunami berukuran 0,30–0,61 m diperkirakan akan menghantam pantai pada pukul 07:30 [[Waktu Standar Pasifik]] di sepanjang [[Pantai Tengah (California)|Pantai Tengah]].<ref name="Hamer" /> [[San Francisco]] diperkirakan menerima gelombang pada pukul 8:10.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title=UPDATE: Tsunami Advisory Issued For Northern California Following Violent Volcanic Eruption Near Tonga|url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2022/01/15/tsunami-advisory-issued-for-northern-california-following-violent-volcanic-eruption-near-tonga/|access-date=15 January 2022|publisher=[[CBS News]]|location=San Francisco|language=en-US}}</ref> Gelombang tsunami tertinggi diperkirakan terjadi satu sampai dua jam setelah datangnya gelombang pertama.<ref name="Hamer">{{cite news |author1=Cristal Hamer |title=1-2 foot tsunami waves expected on Central Coast following Tongan volcano eruption |url=https://www.ksbw.com/article/1-2-foot-tsunami-waves-expected-on-central-coast-following-tongan-volcano-eruption/38776661# |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=[[KSBW]] |date=15 January 2022}}</ref> Peringatan tsunami diberlakukan untuk seluruh [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tsunami Advisory For Hawaiʻi After Tonga Eruption|url=https://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2022/01/15/tsunami-advisory-for-hawai%CA%BBi-after-tonga-eruption/|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.bigislandvideonews.com}}</ref> Peringatan di Kanada dikeluarkan di sepanjang pantai Utara dan Tengah British Columbia, bersama dengan kepulauan [[Haida Gwaii]] dan[[ Pulau Vancouver]]. Tidak ada perintah evakuasi yang dikeluarkan, tetapi orang-orang diminta menghindari pantai dan marina. Tingkat peringatan rendah karena tinggi gelombang yang dilaporkan, karena berada di bawah ambang batas 91 sentimeter (36 in) yang memerlukan peningkatan tingkat.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tsunami advisories issued for parts of B.C. as undersea volcano erupts in Pacific |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/tonga-volcano-eruption-tsunami-warning-1.6316391 |access-date=15 January 2022 |work=CBC News |publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115084038/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/tonga-volcano-eruption-tsunami-warning-1.6316391 |url-status=live }}</ref> Menjelang malam, Amerika Serikat mencabut peringatan untuk Alaska, Hawaii, [[Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]], [[Oregon]], dan sebagian California. Aturan tersebut tetap berlaku di California di beberapa bagian Central dan [[Pantai Utara (California)|Pantai Utara]].<ref name=nyt_16012022>{{cite news|title=Warnings are lifted around the Pacific, as tsunami waves pass without major damage|date=16 January 2022|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/15/us/tsunami-california-tonga/warnings-are-lifted-around-the-pacific-as-tsunami-waves-pass-without-major-damage|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116064308/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/01/15/us/tsunami-california-tonga/warnings-are-lifted-around-the-pacific-as-tsunami-waves-pass-without-major-damage|url-status=live}}</ref>

 

 

Chili juga mengeluarkan peringatan untuk tsunami kecil di sebagian besar wilayah pesisirnya termasuk [[Pulau Paskah|Pulau Rapa Nui]] dengan evakuasi diumumkan untuk 12 wilayah lainnya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chile alerta sobre posible "tsunami menor" tras erupción de volcán en Tonga |trans-title=Chile alerts of a possible "minor tsunami" after volcanic eruption in Tonga |url=https://www.dw.com/es/chile-alerta-sobre-posible-tsunami-menor-tras-erupci%C3%B3n-de-volc%C3%A1n-en-tonga/a-60436791 |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=15 January 2022 |language=Spanish |archive-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115175314/https://www.dw.com/es/chile-alerta-sobre-posible-tsunami-menor-tras-erupci%C3%B3n-de-volc%C3%A1n-en-tonga/a-60436791 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Chile evacuó las costas de siete regiones por un posible "tsunami menor" tras la erupción del volcán submarino en Tonga|trans-title=Chile evacuated the coasts of seven regions due to a possible "minor tsunami" after the volcanic eruption in Tonga|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/01/15/chile-alerto-sobre-un-posible-tsunami-menor-en-la-isla-de-pascua-tras-la-erupcion-del-volcan-submarino-en-tonga/|work=[[Infobae]]|date=15 January 2022|access-date=15 January 2022|language=Spanish|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115164304/https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/01/15/chile-alerto-sobre-un-posible-tsunami-menor-en-la-isla-de-pascua-tras-la-erupcion-del-volcan-submarino-en-tonga/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dinas Hidrografi dan Oseanografi Angkatan Laut Chili]] menyatakan Keadaan Kewaspadaan dan mengindikasikan bahwa terdapat kemungkinan tsunami kecil di daerah terdampak. Lalu, pemberitahuan evakuasi pantai dikeluarkan di 14 dari 16 wilayah di Chili. Tingkat Peringatan Merah dikeluarkan di lebih dari 6.400 km garis pantainya. [[ONEMI|Kantor Darurat Nasional Chili]] (ONEMI) menyebut aktivitas tsunami dapat bertahan dalam semalam, sehingga mereka yang terkena dampak perlu mempertahankan persediaan dan bantuan darurat mereka.<ref name="Comercio2">{{cite news |title=Tsunami de casi 2 metros llega a la costa de Chile tras la erupción volcánica en Tonga |url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/tsunami-en-tonga-en-vivo-chile-evacua-casi-toda-la-costa-por-posible-tsunami-se-esperan-olas-de-viarios-metros-onemi-soha-noticia/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=[[El Comercio (Peru)|El Comercio]] |date=15 January 2022 |language=es |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116050619/https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/latinoamerica/tsunami-en-tonga-en-vivo-chile-evacua-casi-toda-la-costa-por-posible-tsunami-se-esperan-olas-de-viarios-metros-onemi-soha-noticia/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

|0

|<ref name="JAPAN" />

|-

!Jumlah

!4

!Beberapa

Foto yang dibagikan oleh seorang penduduk di [[Pulau Lifuka]], timur laut Nuku'alofa menunjukkan kerusakan kecil pada masyarakat pulau dan sebuah dermaga. Kerusakan yang ditimbulkan menyiratkan pulau itu dilanda gelombang yang lebih kecil. [[Pulau 'Uiha]] dan [[Pulau Ha'ano]] juga mengalami sedikit kerusakan akibat tsunami. Beberapa foto menunjukkan puing-puing yang tertinggal oleh tsunami berserakan di jalan dan ladang rumput.<ref name="Porter">{{cite news |author1=Nadine Porter |title=Tonga: Photos of tsunami damage shared from outer island, close to volcanic eruption |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/127517035/tonga-photos-of-tsunami-damage-shared-from-outer-island-close-to-volcanic-eruption |access-date=17 January 2022 |work=[[Stuff NZ]]|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117041023/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/127517035/tonga-photos-of-tsunami-damage-shared-from-outer-island-close-to-volcanic-eruption|url-status=live}}</ref> Pemilik Ha'atafu Beach Resort menulis di Facebook bahwa resor pantai mereka yang terletak di ujung utara Pulau Tongatapu sepenuhnya hancur. Keluarga pemilik resor pantai berhasil melarikan diri. Mereka menambahkan bahwa seluruh garis pantai barat pulau itu dan Desa Kanukupolu hancur.<ref name="CNA">{{cite news |author1=[[Reuters]] |title=Drinking water, ash big concern as Tonga volcanic eruption causes 'significant damage' |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/australia-new-zealand-step-efforts-aid-tsunami-hit-tonga-2439831 |access-date=17 January 2022 |work=[[Channel News Asia]] |date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117070954/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/australia-new-zealand-step-efforts-aid-tsunami-hit-tonga-2439831 |url-status=live }}</ref>

 

 

 

=== Negara lain ===

Tsunami merenggut nyawa dua wanita di [[Peru]] ketika gelombang setinggi 2 meter menghantam mereka di pantai Naylamp, [[Lambayeque]]. Kedua wanita itu berada di dalam truk bersama seorang sopir yang merupakan suami dari salah seorang wanita. Saat ombak menerjang, sopir itu melarikan diri. Mayat para korban wanita dibawa ke kamar mayat.<ref name="Parra">{{cite news |author1=Nicholas Parra |title=Reportan dos muertes y daños por tsunami en Perú: país no emitió alerta |url=https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/internacional/america-latina/2022/01/15/reportan-dos-muertes-y-danos-por-tsunami-en-peru-pais-no-emitio-alerta.shtml |access-date=16 January 2022 |work=[[Radio Bío-Bío]] |date=16 January 2022 |language=es |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116030122/https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/internacional/america-latina/2022/01/15/reportan-dos-muertes-y-danos-por-tsunami-en-peru-pais-no-emitio-alerta.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>