Aneurisme aorta: Perbedaan antara revisi

Disebut juga [[aneurisma sinus Valsalva]] atau ''sinus of Valsalva aneurysm'' (SOVA) adalah pelebaran daerah [[sinus Valsalva]] (terletak antara bagian anulus katup aorta dengan ''sinotubular junction'').<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bass|first=David|last2=Tivakaran|first2=Vijai S.|date=2022|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448198/|title=Sinus Of Valsalva Aneurysm|location=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=28846266}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weinreich|first=Michael|last2=Yu|first2=Pey‐Jen|last3=Trost|first3=Biana|date=10 Maret 2015|title=Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysms: Review of the Literature and an Update on Management|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6711005/|journal=Clinical Cardiology|volume=38|issue=3|pages=185–189|doi=10.1002/clc.22359|issn=0160-9289|pmc=6711005|pmid=25757442}}</ref> Aneurisma ini terbentuk karena adanya kelemahan lapisan elastis di tunika media dan [[anulus fibrosus]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=N.|last2=Krasnow|first2=N.|date=1990|title=Sinus of valsalva aneurysms|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/clc.4960131204|journal=Clinical Cardiology|language=|volume=13|issue=12|pages=831–836|doi=10.1002/clc.4960131204|issn=1932-8737}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hoey|first=Edward T. D.|last2=Kanagasingam|first2=Arulnithy|last3=Sivananthan|first3=Mohan U.|date=1 Juni 2010|title=Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysms: Assessment With Cardiovascular MRI|url=https://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.09.3570|journal=American Journal of Roentgenology|volume=194|issue=6|pages=W495–W504|doi=10.2214/AJR.09.3570|issn=0361-803X}}</ref> Kelainan ini bisa bersifat bawaan atau dapatan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smer|first=Aiman|last2=Elsallabi|first2=Osama|last3=Ayan|first3=Mohamed|last4=Buaisha|first4=Haitam|last5=Rayes|first5=Hamza|last6=Alshebani|first6=Yazeid|last7=Tantoush|first7=Hamza|last8=Salih|first8=Mohsin|date=24 Agustus 2015|title=Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm: A Rare Cause of Dyspnea|url=https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crim/2015/467935/|journal=Case Reports in Medicine|language=en|volume=2015|pages=e467935|doi=10.1155/2015/467935|issn=1687-9627}}</ref> Kasusnya jarang ditemukan, hanya sekitar 0,09% dari 8.138 kasus [[otopsi]] dan 0,15-3,5% pada penderita yang menjalani operasi jantung terbuka. Kondisi ini akan menyebabkan komplikasi yang fatal jika terjadi robekan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Baas|first=Arnold S.|last2=Small|first2=Adam J.|date=24 Juni 2021|editor-last=Talavera|editor-first=Francisco|editor2-last=Compton|editor2-first=Steven J.|title=Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm: Background, Pathophysiology, Etiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/158160-overview#a6|journal=Cardiology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bricker|first=Aliye Ozsoyoglu|last2=Avutu|first2=Bindu|last3=Mohammed|first3=Tan-Lucien H.|last4=Williamson|first4=Eric E.|last5=Syed|first5=Imran S.|last6=Julsrud|first6=Paul R.|last7=Schoenhagen|first7=Paul|last8=Kirsch|first8=Jacobo|date=2010-01-01|title=Valsalva Sinus Aneurysms: Findings at CT and MR Imaging|url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/rg.301095719|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=30|issue=1|pages=99–110|doi=10.1148/rg.301095719|issn=0271-5333}}</ref>

Aneurisma aorta abdominalis memiliki tiga faktor risiko yaitu faktor risiko awal aneurisma terbentuk, faktor risiko perkembangan aneurisma, dan faktor risiko terjadinya ruptur (robek).<ref name=":6" />

Faktor risiko untuk awal terbentuknya AAA adalah riwayat keluarga yang menderita AAA,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Vlijmen-van-Keulen|first=C.J.|last2=Pals|first2=G.|last3=Rauwerda|first3=J. A.|date=Agustus 2002|title=Familial Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: a SystemicReview of Genetic Background|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1078588402916928|journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg|volume=24|issue=2|pages=105-116|doi=10.1053/ejvs.2002.1692}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Larsson|first=Emma|last2=Granath|first2=Fredrik|last3=Swedenborg|first3=Jesper|last4=Hultgren|first4=Rebecka|date=1 Januari 2009|title=A population-based case-control study of the familial risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm|url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(08)01362-1/abstract|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|language=|volume=49|issue=1|pages=47–51|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2008.08.012|issn=0741-5214}}</ref> riwayat [[aneurisma]] di pembuluh darah yang lain,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ball|first=Benjamin Z.|last2=Jiang|first2=Boxiang|last3=Mehndiratta|first3=Prachi|last4=Stukenborg|first4=George J.|last5=Upchurch|first5=Gilbert R.|last6=Meschia|first6=James F.|last7=Worrall|first7=Bradford B.|last8=Southerland|first8=Andrew M.|date=1 September 2016|title=Screening individuals with intracranial aneurysms for abdominal aortic aneurysms is cost-effective based on estimated coprevalence|url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(16)30393-7/abstract|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|volume=64|issue=3|pages=811–818.e3|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2016.05.065|issn=0741-5214}}</ref> [[hiperkolesterolemia]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Palazzuoli|first=Alberto|last2=Gallotta|first2=Maddalena|last3=Guerrieri|first3=Giuseppe|last4=Quatrini|first4=Ilaria|last5=Franci|first5=Beatrice|last6=Campagna|first6=Maria Stella|last7=Neri|first7=Eugenio|last8=Benvenuti|first8=Antonio|last9=Sassi|first9=Carlo|date=Agustus 2008|title=Prevalence of risk factors, coronary and systemic atherosclerosis in abdominal aortic aneurysm: Comparison with high cardiovascular risk population|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2597763/|journal=Vascular Health and Risk Management|volume=4|issue=4|pages=877–883|issn=1176-6344|pmc=2597763|pmid=19066005}}</ref> [[Tekanan darah tinggi|hipertensi]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Rodin|first=Miriam B.|last2=Daviglus|first2=Martha L.|last3=Wong|first3=Gordon C.|last4=Liu|first4=Kiang|last5=Garside|first5=Daniel B.|last6=Greenland|first6=Philip|last7=Stamler|first7=Jeremiah|date=1 Juli 2003|title=Middle Age Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Older Age|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.HYP.0000078829.02288.98|journal=Hypertension|volume=42|issue=1|pages=61–68|doi=10.1161/01.HYP.0000078829.02288.98}}</ref> [[jenis kelamin]] [[Laki-laki|pria]],<ref name=":7" /> dan [[Rokok|merokok]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Aune|first=Dagfinn|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Sabrina|last3=Norat|first3=Teresa|last4=Riboli|first4=Elio|date=3 Oktober 2018|title=Tobacco smoking and the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6170425/|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=8|pages=14786|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-32100-2|issn=2045-2322|pmc=6170425|pmid=30283044}}</ref>

Faktor risiko AAA mengalami perkembangan adalah faktor usia (di atas 60 tahun),<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|last=Chang JB|first=J.B.|last2=Stein|first2=T.A.|last3=Liu|first3=J.P.|last4=Dunn|first4=M.E|date=2020|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556914/|title=Risk factors associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm growth or rupture. Abdominal aortic aneurysm: diagnosis and management.|location=London|publisher=National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)|isbn=978-1-4731-3452-2|series=NICE Evidence Reviews Collection|pmid=32407036|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kent|first=K. Craig|last2=Zwolak|first2=Robert M.|last3=Egorova|first3=Natalia N.|last4=Riles|first4=Thomas S.|last5=Manganaro|first5=Andrew|last6=Moskowitz|first6=Alan J.|last7=Gelijns|first7=Annetine C.|last8=Greco|first8=Giampaolo|date=1 September 2010|title=Analysis of risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm in a cohort of more than 3 million individuals|url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(10)01302-9/abstract|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|language=|volume=52|issue=3|pages=539–548|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2010.05.090|issn=0741-5214}}</ref> [[transplantasi ginjal]] atau [[Transplantasi Jantung|jantung]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Englesbe|first=Michael J.|last2=Wu|first2=Audrey H.|last3=Clowes|first3=Alexander W.|last4=Zierler|first4=R. Eugene|date=1 Januari 2003|title=The prevalence and natural history of aortic aneurysms in heart and abdominal organ transplant patients|url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(02)75198-7/abstract|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|language=English|volume=37|issue=1|pages=27–31|doi=10.1067/mva.2003.57|issn=0741-5214}}</ref> [[alkoholisme]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wong|first=Daniel R.|last2=Willett|first2=Walter C.|last3=Rimm|first3=Eric B.|date=1 April 2007|title=Smoking, Hypertension, Alcohol Consumption, and Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Men|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwk063|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=165|issue=7|pages=838–845|doi=10.1093/aje/kwk063|issn=0002-9262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Stackelberg|first=Otto|last2=Björck|first2=Martin|last3=Larsson|first3=Susanna C.|last4=Orsini|first4=Nicola|last5=Wolk|first5=Alicja|date=19 Agustus 2014|title=Alcohol Consumption, Specific Alcoholic Beverages, and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008279|journal=Circulation|volume=130|issue=8|pages=646–652|doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.008279}}</ref> riwayat [[strok]] sebelumnya,<ref name=":9" /> [[penyakit jantung koroner]],<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hernesniemi|first=Jussi A.|last2=Vänni|first2=Ville|last3=Hakala|first3=Tapio|date=1 Juli 2015|title=The prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm is consistently high among patients with coronary artery disease|url=https://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(15)00288-8/abstract|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|language=|volume=62|issue=1|pages=232–240.e3|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2015.02.037|issn=0741-5214|pmid=26115925}}</ref> hipertensi,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bhak|first=Rachel H.|last2=Wininger|first2=Michael|last3=Johnson|first3=Gary R.|last4=Lederle|first4=Frank A.|last5=Messina|first5=Louis M.|last6=Ballard|first6=David J.|last7=Wilson|first7=Samuel E.|date=1 Januari 2015|title=Factors Associated With Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Expansion Rate|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2025|journal=JAMA Surgery|volume=150|issue=1|pages=44–50|doi=10.1001/jamasurg.2014.2025|issn=2168-6254}}</ref> merokok,<ref name=":8" /> riwayat [[Penyakit arteri perifer|penyakit pembuluh darah arteri perifer]] sebelumnya,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alcorn|first=Hope G.|last2=Wolfson|first2=Sidney K.|last3=Sutton-Tyrrell|first3=Kim|last4=Kuller|first4=Lewis H.|last5=O'Leary|first5=Daniel|date=1 Agustus 1996|title=Risk Factors for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Older Adults Enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.963|journal=Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology|volume=16|issue=8|pages=963–970|doi=10.1161/01.ATV.16.8.963}}</ref> [[Penyakit jaringan ikat|penyakit jaringan ikat,]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahimi|first=Saum A.|date=15 Juni 2021|editor-last=Rowe|editor-first=Vincent Lopez|title=Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Practice Essentials, Background, Anatomy|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1979501-overview#a6|journal=Vascular Surgery}}</ref> dan merokok[[penyakit genetik]] bawaan seperti [[Sindrom Ehler-Danlos|sindrom Ehler-Danlos tipe IV]], [[sindrom Marfan]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hagerty|first=Tracy|last2=Geraghty|first2=Patrick|last3=Braverman|first3=Alan C.|date=1 April 2017|title=Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Marfan Syndrome|url=https://www.annalsofvascularsurgery.com/article/S0890-5096(16)31178-5/abstract|journal=Annals of Vascular Surgery|volume=40|pages=294.e1–294.e6|doi=10.1016/j.avsg.2016.07.067|issn=0890-5096|pmid=27894713}}</ref> [[sindrom Loeys-Dietz]], dan [[displasia fibromuskular]].<ref name=":85" />

Faktor risiko AAA hingga terjadi robekan adalah [[diabetes melitus]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wierzba|first=Waldemar|last2=Sliwczynski|first2=Andrzej|last3=Pinkas|first3=Jaroslaw|last4=Jawien|first4=Arkadiusz|last5=Karnafel|first5=Waldemar|date=25 Mei 2017|title=Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1479164117710391|journal=Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research|volume=14|issue=5|pages=463–464|doi=10.1177/1479164117710391|issn=1479-1641}}</ref> transplantasi ginjal atau jantung,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cron|first=David C.|last2=Coleman|first2=Dawn M.|last3=Sheetz|first3=Kyle H.|last4=Englesbe|first4=Michael J.|last5=Waits|first5=Seth A.|date=1 Maret 2014|title=Aneurysms in abdominal organ transplant recipients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0741521413017916|journal=Journal of Vascular Surgery|language=|volume=59|issue=3|pages=594–598|doi=10.1016/j.jvs.2013.09.049|issn=0741-5214}}</ref> penurunan ''[[Spirometri|forced expiratory volume]]'' (FEV) 1 detik atau FEV-1 yang dipicu oleh [[penyakit paru obstruktif kronis]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meijer|first=C. A.|last2=Kokje|first2=V. B. C.|last3=van Tongeren|first3=R. B. M.|last4=Hamming|first4=J. F.|last5=van Bockel|first5=J. H.|last6=Möller|first6=G. M.|last7=Lindeman|first7=J. H. N.|date=1 Agustus 2012|title=An Association between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm beyond Smoking: Results from a Case–control Study|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1078588412003401|journal=European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=153–157|doi=10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.05.016|issn=1078-5884}}</ref> hipertensi,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bluro|first=Ignacio|last2=Garagoli|first2=Fernando|date=2 September 2020|title=Prevention of the development and rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysm|url=https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/prevention-of-the-development-and-rupture-of-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm,%20https://www.escardio.org/Journals/E-Journal-of-Cardiology-Practice/Volume-18/prevention-of-the-development-and-rupture-of-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm|website=www.escardio.org|access-date=29 Januari 2022|last3=Fiorini|first3=Norberto|last4=Pizarro|first4=Rodolfo}}</ref> pertambahan diameter AAA,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aggarwal|first=Sourabh|last2=Qamar|first2=Arman|last3=Sharma|first3=Vishal|last4=Sharma|first4=Alka|date=2011|title=Abdominal aortic aneurysm: A comprehensive review|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076160/|journal=Experimental & Clinical Cardiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=11–15|issn=1205-6626|pmc=3076160|pmid=21523201}}</ref> durasi merokok yang lebih lama,<ref>{{Cite journal|lastname=Aune|first=Dagfinn|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Sabrina|last3=Norat|first3=Teresa|last4=Riboli|first4=Elio|date=3 Oktober 2018|title=Tobacco smoking and the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm":8" a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-32100-2|journal=Scientific Reports|language=|volume=8|issue=1|pages=14786|doi=10.1038/s41598-018-32100-2|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> jenis kelamin wanita,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Louise C.|last2=Powell|first2=Janet T.|date=September 1999|title=Risk Factors for Aneurysm Rupture in Patients Kept Under Ultrasound Surveillance|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420874/|journal=Annals of Surgery|volume=230|issue=3|pages=289|issn=0003-4932|pmc=1420874|pmid=10493476}}</ref> dan konsumsi [[Kuinolon|florokuinolon]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Chien-Chang|last2=Lee|first2=Meng-tse Gabriel|last3=Chen|first3=Yueh-Sheng|last4=Lee|first4=Shih-Hao|last5=Chen|first5=Yih-Sharng|last6=Chen|first6=Shyr-Chyr|last7=Chang|first7=Shan-Chwen|date=1 November 2015|title=Risk of Aortic Dissection and Aortic Aneurysm in Patients Taking Oral Fluoroquinolone|url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5389|journal=JAMA Internal Medicine|volume=175|issue=11|pages=1839–1847|doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5389|issn=2168-6106}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pasternak|first=Björn|last2=Inghammar|first2=Malin|last3=Svanström|first3=Henrik|date=8 Maret 2018|title=Fluoroquinolone use and risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection: nationwide cohort study|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k678|journal=BMJ|language=|volume=360|pages=k678|doi=10.1136/bmj.k678|issn=0959-8138|pmid=29519881}}</ref>