Hilal Subur: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Istilah ==
[[File:Fertile_Crescent_concept_1916.png|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Fertile_Crescent_concept_1916.png|ka|jmpl|260x260px|Peta Hilal Subur tahun 1916 oleh James Henri Breasted yang pertama kali memperkenalkan istilah ini.]]
Istilah berbahasa Inggris ''fertile crescent'', yang kemudian diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia menjadi ''hilal subur'' atau ''bulan sabit subur'', diperkenalkan oleh seorang arkeolog bernama [[James Henri Breasted]] dalam kedua karyanya, ''Outlines of European History'' (1914) dan ''Ancient Times, A History of the Early World'' (1916).<ref name="Breasted 1914/1916">{{cite book|last=Abt|first=Jeffrey|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YEc0bc93LwYC|title=American Egyptologist: the life of James Henry Breasted and the creation of his Oriental Institute|location=Chicago|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-0011-04|pages=193–194, 436}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Goodspeed|first=George Stephen|year=1904|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00gooduoft|title=A History of the ancient world: for high schools and academies|location=New York|publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00gooduoft/page/5 5]–6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Breasted|first=James Henry|year=1914|title=Outlines of European history, Vol. 1|location=Boston|publisher=Ginn|editor1-last=Robinson|editor1-first=James Harvey|pages=56–57|chapter=Earliest man, the Orient, Greece, and Rome|editor2-last=Breasted|editor2-first=James Henry|editor3-last=Beard|editor3-first=Charles A.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/download/outlinesofeurope01robi/outlinesofeurope01robi.pdf}} "The Ancient Orient" map is inserted between pages 56 and 57.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Breasted|first=James Henry|year=1916|url=https://archive.org/download/cu31924027764996/cu31924027764996.pdf|title=Ancient times, a history of the early world: an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man|location=Boston|publisher=Ginn|pages=100–101}} "The Ancient Oriental World" map is inserted between pages 100 and 101.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Clay|first=Albert T.|year=1924|title=The so-called Fertile Crescent and desert bay|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-american-oriental-society_1924-09_44/page/186|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=44|pages=186–201|doi=10.2307/593554|jstor=593554}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kuklick|first=Bruce|year=1996|title=Puritans in Babylon: the ancient Near East and American intellectual life, 1880–1930|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02582-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/puritansinbabylo0000kukl/page/241 241]|chapter=Essay on methods and sources|quote=Textbooks...The true texts brought all of these strands together, the most important being James Henry Breasted, ''Ancient Times: A History of the Early World'' (Boston, 1916), but a predecessor, George Stephen Goodspeed, ''A History of the Ancient World'' (New York, 1904), is outstanding. Goodspeed, who taught at Chicago with Breasted, antedated him in the conception of a 'crescent' of civilization.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/puritansinbabylo0000kukl|chapter-url-access=registration}}</ref>
== Biodiversitas dan iklim ==
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Analisis modern<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal|last1=Brace|first1=C. Loring|last2=Seguchi|first2=Noriko|last3=Quintyn|first3=Conrad B.|last4=Fox|first4=Sherry C.|last5=Nelson|first5=A. Russell|last6=Manolis|first6=Sotiris K.|last7=Qifeng|first7=Pan|year=2006|title=The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA]]|volume=103|issue=1|pages=242–247|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..242B|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509801102|pmc=1325007|pmid=16371462|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ricaut|first1=F. X.|last2=Waelkens|first2=M.|date=Aug 2008|title=Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements|journal=[[Human Biology (journal)|Human Biology]]|volume=80|issue=5|pages=535–564|doi=10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535|pmid=19341322|s2cid=25142338}}</ref> yang membandingkan 24 pengukuran kraniofasial menunjukkan tingkat keberagaman manusia yang tinggi dalam daerah Hilal Subur pada masa pra-[[Neolitikum]], [[Neolitikum]], dan [[zaman Perunggu]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Analisis ini mendukung anggapan bahwa terdapat beberapa jenis masyarakat manusia yang menduduki daerah ini pada masa-masa tersebut.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003663/ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=G.|year=2002|title=Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa|work=Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis|editor-last1=Bellwood|editor-first1=P.|pages=151–161|editor-last2=Renfrew|editor-first2=C.}}</ref><ref>Bar-Yosef O (1987), "Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective", ''The African Archaeological Review''; Chapter 5, pp 29–38</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kislev|first1=ME|last2=Hartmann|first2=A|last3=Bar-Yosef|first3=O|year=2006|title=Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley|journal=Science|volume=312|issue=5778|pages=1372–1374|bibcode=2006Sci...312.1372K|doi=10.1126/science.1125910|pmid=16741119|s2cid=42150441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1}}</ref><ref>Findings include remains of food items carried to the [[Levant]] from [[North Africa]] —— [[Parthenocarpic]] [[Ficus|figs]] and [[Nile]] [[shellfish]] (please refer to [[Natufian culture#Long-distance exchange]]).</ref> Sebaliknya, pada masa yang sama, di daerah [[Basque]] dan [[Kepulauan Canaria]], anggapan tersebut sama sekali tidak berdasar karena berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat kuno di daerah itu "jelas-jelas terhubung dengan orang Eropa modern". Selain itu, meskipun ada beberapa ilmuwan yang berpendapat lain, tidak ada bukti penelitian yang menunjukkan pengaruh [[Cro-Magnon]].<ref name="PNAS" />
Penelitian-penelitian yang ada juga menunjukkan bahwa terjadi suatu difusi: masyarakat beragam yang tinggal di daerah Hilal Subur ini kemudian banyak bermigrasi ke daerah lain. Pada awalnya, mereka berpindah dari [[Timur Dekat]]: ke arah barat menuju [[Eropa]] dan [[Afrika Utara]], arah utara menuju [[Krimea]] dan arah timur laut menuju [[Mongolia]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Sepanjang perjalanan, kelompok-kelompok ini masih menjaga kebiasaan bertani dan mengembangkan keluarga dengan masyarakat pemburu-pengumpul yang mereka temui. Pandangan ini didukung oleh penelitian-penelitian genetis<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chicki|first1=L|last2=Nichols|first2=RA|last3=Barbujani|first3=G|last4=Beaumont|first4=MA|year=2002|title=Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=99|issue=17|pages=11008–11013|bibcode=2002PNAS...9911008C|doi=10.1073/pnas.162158799|pmc=123201|pmid=12167671|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042315/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Semino|first1=O.|last2=Magri|first2=C.|last3=Benuzzi|first3=G.|display-authors=etal|date=May 2004|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–34|doi=10.1086/386295|pmc=1181965|pmid=15069642}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool"], Cavalli-Sforza 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/15/9053 "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene"], Chikhi 1997.</ref> dan arkeologis.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming'', M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5–15, 167–188.</ref><ref>P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dokládal|first1=M.|last2=Brožek|first2=J.|year=1961|title=Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments|journal=Curr. Anthropol.|volume=2|issue=5|pages=455–477|doi=10.1086/200228|s2cid=161324951}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bar-Yosef|first1=O.|year=1998|title=The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture|journal=Evol. Anthropol.|volume=6|issue=5|pages=159–177|doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zvelebil|first1=M.|year=1989|title=On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1989-06_63_239/page/379|journal=Antiquity|volume=63|issue=239|pages=379–383|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00076110}}</ref>
Sebagai hasilnya, masyarakat pemburu-pengumpul yang mereka temui sepanjang jalan tersebut mengambil pula kebiasaan bertani para pengembara terdahulu tersebut. Pandangan ini bertolak belakang dengan argumen yang menyatakan bahwa perkembangan pertanian disebabkan oleh pertukaran pengetahuan yang terjadi dari daerah Hilal Subur. Pendapat yang kini didukung banyak bukti adalah bahwa penyebaran pertanian terjadi sebagai hasil dari migrasi, ditambah dengan perkawinan dengan masyarakat lokal yang ditemukan masyarakat eks-Hilal Subur.<ref name="PNAS" />
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