Sosialisme: Perbedaan antara revisi

[[Gerakan politik]] sosialis mencakup serangkaian filsafat politik yang berasal dari gerakan revolusioner pertengahan hingga akhir abad ke-18, dan karena adanya kepedulian terhadap masalah sosial yang terkait dengan kapitalisme.<ref name="Peter Lamb 2006. p. 1"/> Pada akhir abad ke-19, setelah karya [[Karl Marx]] dan kolaboratornya [[Friedrich Engels]], sosialisme telah menjadi oposisi terhadap kapitalisme dan menganjurkan sistem [[Pascakapitalisme|pascakapitalis]] yang didasarkan pada suatu bentuk kepemilikan sosial atas alat produksi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gasper |first=Phillip |title=The Communist Manifesto: a road map to history's most important political document |publisher=Haymarket Books |date=October 2005 |isbn=978-1-931859-25-7 |page=24 |quote=As the nineteenth century progressed, "socialist" came to signify not only concern with the social question, but opposition to capitalism and support for some form of social ownership.}}</ref><ref name="Anthony Giddens 1994, p. 71">Anthony Giddens. ''Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics''. 1998 edition. Cambridge, England, UK: Polity Press, 1994, 1998. p. 71.</ref> Pada 1920-an, [[demokrasi sosial]] dan [[komunisme]] menjadi dua kecenderungan politik dominan di gerakan sosialis internasional.<ref>"Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." Michael Newman. ''Socialism: A Very Short Introduction''. Oxford University Press. 2005. p. 5</ref> Pada masa tersebut sosialisme muncul sebagai "gerakan sekuler paling berpengaruh pada abad ke-20 di seluruh dunia. Sosialisme adalah ideologi politik (atau pandangan dunia), gerakan politik yang luas dan terpecah-pecah"<ref>George Thomas Kurian (ed). ''The Encyclopedia of Political Science'' CQ Press. Washington, DC 2011. p. 1554</ref> dan ketika kebangkitan Uni Soviet sebagai [[negara sosialis]] nominal pertama di dunia menyebabkan menyebarnya asosisasi sosialisme dengan [[Ekonomi terencana tipe Soviet|model ekonomi Soviet]], beberapa ekonom dan intelektual berpendapat bahwa dalam praktinya model tersebut berfungsi sebagai bentuk [[kapitalisme negara]],<ref>[http://www.hetsa.org.au/pdf/34-A-08.pdf 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union], M.C. Howard and J.E. King</ref><ref>[[Richard D. Wolff]] (27 June 2015). [http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees]. ''[[Truthout]].'' Retrieved 9 July 2015.</ref><ref>[[Noam Chomsky]] (1986). [https://chomsky.info/1986____/ The Soviet Union Versus Socialism]. ''chomsky.info''.</ref> administrasi tidak terencana atau [[ekonomi komando]].<ref name="The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy, 1985">{{cite journal |title=The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_europe-asia-studies_1985-01_37_1/page/118 |last=Wilhelm |first=John Howard |year=1985 |journal=[[Europe-Asia Studies|Soviet Studies]] |pages=118–30 |volume=37 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/09668138508411571}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ellman |first=Michael |chapter=The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning |title=Transition and Beyond: Essays in Honour of Mario Nuti |url=https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg |editor1-first=Saul |editor1-last=Estrin |editor2-first=Grzegorz W. |editor2-last=Kołodko |editor3-first=Milica |editor3-last=Uvalić |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-230-54697-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/transitionbeyond00libg/page/n42 22] |quote=In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the ‘administrative-command’ economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population...}}</ref> [[Partai sosialis|Partai]] dan gagasan sosialis tetap menjadi kekuatan politik dengan berbagai tingkat kekuatan dan pengaruh di semua benua, serta memimpin pemerintahan nasional di banyak negara di dunia. Saat ini, beberapa sosialis juga mengadopsi prinsip dari gerakan sosial lain, seperti [[Ekososialisme|lingkungan]], [[Feminisme sosialis|feminisme]] dan [[progresivisme]].<ref>Garrett Ward Sheldon. ''Encyclopedia of Political Thought''. Fact on File. Inc. 2001. p. 280.</ref>