|
Resistensi dapatan terhadap linezolid dilaporkan pada awal 1999, pada dua pasien dengan infeksi ''Enterococcus faecium'' yang resisten terhadap banyak obat yang menerima obat melalui program penggunaan diperluas (penggunaan di luar uji klinis secara khusus untuk pasien dengan penyakit serius).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Birmingham|first=Mary C.|last2=Rayner|first2=Craig R.|last3=Meagher|first3=Alison K.|last4=Flavin|first4=Susan M.|last5=Batts|first5=Donald H.|last6=Schentag|first6=Jerome J.|date=2003-01-15|title=Linezolid for the Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant, Gram‐Positive Infections: Experience from a Compassionate‐Use Program|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/345744|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=159–168|doi=10.1086/345744|issn=1058-4838}}</ref> ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' yang resisten terhadap linezolid pertama kali diisolasi pada 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilson|first=P.|date=2003-01-01|title=Linezolid resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus|url=https://academic.oup.com/jac/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jac/dkg104|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=51|issue=1|pages=186–188|doi=10.1093/jac/dkg104}}</ref>
Di Amerika Serikat, resistensi terhadap linezolid telah dipantau dan dilacak sejak 2004 melalui program bernama LEADER, yang dilakukan di 60 institusi medis di seluruh negara bagian. Resistensi tetap stabil dan sangat rendah—kurangrendah—pada dari2009 setengahsebesar dari satu persen isolat0,34% secara keseluruhan, dan kurang dari sepersepuluh dari satu persen sampel ''S. aureus''.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal|datelast=Farrell|first=DecemberDavid 2008J.|titlelast2=UnitedMendes|first2=Rodrigo StatesE.|last3=Ross|first3=James resistanceE.|last4=Sader|first4=Helio surveillanceS.|last5=Jones|first5=Ronald N.|date=2011-08|title=LEADER Program results for 2009: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid (LEADERusing Program6,414 forclinical 2007)isolates from 56 medical centers in the United States|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21670176|journal=DiagnosticAntimicrobial MicrobiologyAgents and Infectious DiseaseChemotherapy|volume=6255|issue=48|pages=416–263684–3690|doi=10.10161128/j.diagmicrobio.2008AAC.01729-10.010|pmidissn=190221531098-6596|vauthorspmc=Jones RN, Ross JE, Castanheira M, Mendes RE3147616|pmid=21670176}}</ref> Program serupa di seluruh dunia—"Zyvox Annual Appraisal of Potensi and Spectrum Study", atau ZAAPS—telah dilakukan sejak 2002. {{Hingga|20072016}}, resistensi keseluruhanprotein terhadap23S linezolidrRNA didan/atau 23L3/L4 negaratetap yaitumenjadi kurangmekanisme dariresistensi 0,2%,oksazolidinon utama pada ''E. faecium'' dan tidakCoNS, adasedangkan di''optrA'' antaramuncul streptokokussebagai satu-satunya mekanisme resistensi pada ''E. faecalis''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendes|first=Rodrigo E|last2=Deshpande|first2=Lalitagauri|last3=Streit|first3=Jennifer M|last4=Sader|first4=Helio S|last5=Castanheira|first5=Mariana|last6=Hogan|first6=Patricia A|last7=Flamm|first7=Robert K|date=2018-07-01|title=ZAAPS programme results for 2016: an activity and spectrum analysis of linezolid using clinical isolates from medical centres in 42 countries|url=https://academic.oup.com/jac/article/73/7/1880/4962461|journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1880–1887|doi=10.1093/jac/dky099|issn=0305-7453}}</ref> Resistensi hanya ditemukan di Brasil, Cina, Irlandia, dan Italia, di antara [[Staphylococcus|stafilokokus koagulase-negatif]] (0,28% dari sampel yang resisten), enterokokus (0,11%), dan ''S. aureus'' (0,03%). <ref name="ZAAPS2007">{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=ZAAPS International Surveillance Program (2007) for linezolid resistance: results from 5591 Gram-positive clinical isolates in 23 countries|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=64|issue=2|pages=191–201|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.001|pmid=19500528|vauthors=Jones RN, Kohno S, Ono Y, Ross JE, Yanagihara K}}</ref> Di Inggris dan Irlandia, tidak ada resistensi yang ditemukan pada stafilokokus yang dikumpulkan dari kasus [[bakteremia]] antara tahun 2001 dan 2006,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2008|title=Non-susceptibility trends among staphylococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001–06|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=62 Suppl 2|issue=Suppl 2|pages=ii65–74|doi=10.1093/jac/dkn353|pmid=18819981|vauthors=Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R}}</ref> meskipun resistensi pada enterokokus telah dilaporkan.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2002|title=Linezolid-resistant enterococci: report of the first isolates in the United Kingdom|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/927462f8daa048bf33c8f41874a5d6296b74f690|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=50|issue=5|pages=743–6|doi=10.1093/jac/dkf246|pmid=12407134|vauthors=Auckland C, Teare L, Cooke F, Kaufmann ME, Warner M, Jones G, Bamford K, Ayles H, Johnson AP}}</ref> Beberapa penulis telah memperkirakan bahwa resistensi pada ''E. faecium'' akan meningkat jika penggunaan linezolid terus berlanjut.<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite journal|date=June 2008|title=Increasing Incidence of Linezolid-Intermediate or -Resistant, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium Strains Parallels Increasing Linezolid Consumption|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|volume=52|issue=6|pages=2256–9|doi=10.1128/AAC.00070-08|pmc=2415807|pmid=18391028|vauthors=Scheetz MH, Knechtel SA, Malczynski M, Postelnick MJ, Qi C}}</ref> Namun demikian, linezolid terus menjadi agen antimikroba penting dengan aktivitas hampir sempurna (resistensi 0,05%).<ref name="Bialvaei">{{Cite journal|date=February 2017|title=Linezolid: a promising option in the treatment of Gram-positives|journal=The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy|volume=72|issue=2|pages=354–364|doi=10.1093/jac/dkw450|pmid=27999068|vauthors=Zahedi Bialvaei A, Rahbar M, Yousefi M, Asgharzadeh M, Samadi Kafil H}}</ref>
== Sejarah ==
|
