Linezolid: Perbedaan antara revisi

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[[File:Endocarditis ultrasound.JPG|thumb|[[Ekokardiografi|Ekokardiogram]] yang menunjukkan endokarditis infektif pada [[katup trikuspid]] (panah putih). Pasien mendapat terapi konvensional yang terdiri dari [[ampisilin]], [[imipenem]], dan [[glukokortikoid]]. Pasien pulih sepenuhnya setelah dilakukan operasi jantung.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koya D, Shibuya K, Kikkawa R, Haneda M | title = Successful recovery of infective endocarditis-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis by steroid therapy combined with antibiotics: a case report | journal = BMC Nephrology | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 18 | date = Desember 2004 | pmid = 15610562 | pmc = 544880 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2369-5-18 }}</ref>|alt=Ekokardiogram potongan melintang dari jantung manusia. Pada gambar kedua, panah putih menunjukkan adanya infeksi di katup trikuspid.]]
 
Pada umumnya, infeksi pada organ dalam seperti osteomielitis atau endokarditis infektif sebaiknya diobati dengan antibiotik bakterisida, bukan antibiotik bakteriostatik. Walau demikian, tetap dilakukan studi praklinis untuk menilai efikasi linezolid untuk infeksi tersebut dan telah digunakan untuk mengobati jenis infeksi tersebut dalam praktik klinis.<ref>{{Cite namejournal|last="Barbachyn"Locke|first=Jeffrey B.|last2=Finn|first2=John|last3=Hilgers|first3=Mark|last4=Morales|first4=Gracia|last5=Rahawi|first5=Shahad|last6=G. C.|first6=Kedar|last7=Picazo|first7=Juan José|last8=Im|first8=Weonbin|last9=Shaw|first9=Karen Joy|date=2010-12|title=Structure-Activity Relationships of Diverse Oxazolidinones for Linezolid-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Possessing the cfr Methyltransferase Gene or Ribosomal Mutations|url=https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/AAC.00663-10|journal=Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy|language=en|volume=54|issue=12|pages=5337–5343|doi=10.1128/AAC.00663-10|issn=0066-4804|pmc=PMC2981267|pmid=20837751}}</ref> Linezolid menjadi pilihan terapi untuk endokarditis infektif yang disebabkan bakteri Gram-positif multi-resisten walau tidak terdapat bukti yang kuat untuk mendukung penggunaannya.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pankey GA, Sabath LD |title=Clinical relevance of bacteriostatic versus bactericidal mechanisms of action in the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections |journal=[[Clinical Infectious Diseases]] |volume=38 |issue=6 |pages=864–70 |date=Maret 2004 |pmid=14999632 |doi=10.1086/381972 |issn=1058-4838|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Falagas>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falagas ME, Manta KG, Ntziora F, Vardakas KZ |title=Linezolid for the treatment of patients with endocarditis: a systematic review of the published evidence |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=273–80 |date=Agustus 2006 |pmid=16735427 |doi=10.1093/jac/dkl219 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Hasil penggunaan linezolid dalam terapi endokarditis yang disebabkan enterokokus bervariasi, dengan sebagian kasus berhasil terobati dan sebagian lainnya gagal.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Babcock HM, Ritchie DJ, Christiansen E, Starlin R, Little R, Stanley S |title=Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus'' endocarditis with oral linezolid |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=32 |issue=9 |pages=1373–5 |date=Mei 2001 |pmid=11303275 |doi=10.1086/319986 |issn=1058-4838|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ang JY, Lua JL, Turner DR, Asmar BI |title=Vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus faecium'' endocarditis in a premature infant successfully treated with linezolid |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_pediatric-infectious-disease-journal_2003-12_22_12/page/1101 |journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal |volume=22 |issue=12 |pages=1101–3 |date=Desember 2003 |pmid=14688576 |doi=10.1097/01.inf.0000101784.83146.0c |issn=0891-3668}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Archuleta S, Murphy B, Keller MJ |title=Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus faecium'' endocarditis with linezolid in a renal transplant recipient with human immunodeficiency virus infection |journal=Transplant Infectious Disease |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=117–9 |date=September 2004 |pmid=15569227 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-3062.2004.00059.x |issn=1398-2273}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zimmer SM, Caliendo AM, Thigpen MC, Somani J |title=Failure of linezolid treatment for enterococcal endocarditis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=e29–30 |date=Agustus 2003 |pmid=12884185 |doi=10.1086/375877 |issn=1058-4838}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tsigrelis C, Singh KV, Coutinho TD, Murray BE, Baddour LM |title=Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Endocarditis: Linezolid Failure and Strain Characterization of Virulence Factors |journal=[[Journal of Clinical Microbiology]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=631–5 |date=Februari 2007 |pmid=17182759 |pmc=1829077 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02188-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Berdal JE, Eskesen A |title=Short-term success, but long-term treatment failure with linezolid for enterococcal endocarditis |journal=Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=765–6 |year=2008 |pmid=18609208 |doi=10.1080/00365540802087209 |issn=0036-5548}}</ref> Pengobatan berbasis bukti (EBM) juga mendukung penggunaan linezolid pada infeksi tulang dan sendi seperti osteomielitis kronis. Hanya saja, efek samping dari linezolid perlu diperhatikan untuk penggunaan jangka panjang.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Falagas ME, Siempos II, Papagelopoulos PJ, Vardakas KZ |title=Linezolid for the treatment of adults with bone and joint infections |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=233–9 |date=Maret 2007 |pmid=17204407 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.030 |issn=0924-8579}} Review.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bassetti M, Vitale F, Melica G, etal |title=Linezolid in the treatment of Gram-positive prosthetic joint infections |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=387–90 |date=Maret 2005 |pmid=15705640 |doi=10.1093/jac/dki016 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aneziokoro CO, Cannon JP, Pachucki CT, Lentino JR |title=The effectiveness and safety of oral linezolid for the primary and secondary treatment of osteomyelitis |journal=Journal of Chemotherapy |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=643–50 |date=Desember 2005 |pmid=16433195 |issn=1120-009X |doi=10.1179/joc.2005.17.6.643}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Senneville E, Legout L, Valette M, etal |title=Effectiveness and tolerability of prolonged linezolid treatment for chronic osteomyelitis: a retrospective study |journal=Clinical Therapeutics |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1155–63 |date=Agustus 2006 |pmid=16982292 |doi=10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.08.001 |issn=0149-2918}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rao N, Hamilton CW |title=Efficacy and safety of linezolid for Gram-positive orthopedic infections: a prospective case series |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=173–9 |date=Oktober 2007 |pmid=17574788 |doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2007.04.006 |issn=0732-8893}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Papadopoulos A, Plachouras D, Giannitsioti E, Poulakou G, Giamarellou H, Kanellakopoulou K |title=Efficacy and tolerability of linezolid in chronic osteomyelitis and prosthetic joint infections: a case-control study |journal=Journal of Chemotherapy |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=165–9 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19423469 |issn=1120-009X |doi=10.1179/joc.2009.21.2.165}}</ref>
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