Perang Dunia II: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Jerman juga mewujudkan inisiatifnya. Dengan mengeksploitasi keputusan komando laut Amerika Serikat yang ragu-ragu, [[Kriegsmarine|Angkatan Laut Jerman]] [[Second Happy Time|mengacaukan jalur kapal Sekutu]] di lepas pesisir Atlantik Amerika Serikat.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gooch|first=John|title=Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War|page=52|publisher=Routledge|year=1990|isbn=0-7146-3369-0}}</ref> Meski kalah besar, anggota Poros Eropa menghentikan serbuan Soviet di Rusia Tengah dan Selatan, sehingga melindungi sebagian besar jajahan yang mereka peroleh pada tahun sebelumnya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=31}}</ref> Di Afrika Utara, Jerman melancarkan sebuah serangan pada bulan Januari yang memukul Britania kembali ke posisinya di [[Garis Gazala]] pada awal Februari,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Molinari|first=Andrea|title=Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2007|isbn=1-84603-006-4|page=91}}</ref> diikuti oleh meredanya pertempuran untuk sementara yang dimanfaatkan Jerman untuk mempersiapkan serangan mereka selanjutnya.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mitcham|first1=Samuel W.|last2=Mitcham|first2=Samuel W. Jr|title=Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps|url=https://archive.org/details/rommelsdesertwar0000mitc_z4i9|publisher=Stein & Day|year=1982|isbn=978-0-8117-3413-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/rommelsdesertwar0000mitc_z4i9/page/31 31]}}</ref>
=== Kebuntuan serbuan Poros (1942) ===
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:{{Cite book|last1=Bueno de Mesquita|first1=Bruce|authorformat=scap|author1-link=Bruce Bueno de Mesquita|last2=Smith|first2=Alastair|last3=Siverson|first3=Randolph M.|last4=Morrow|first4=James D.|author4-link=James D. Morrow|year=2003|title=The Logic of Political Survival|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-02546-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Bull|first1=Martin J.|authorformat=scap|last2=Newell|first2=James L.|year=2005|title=Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress|location=|publisher=[[Polity]]|isbn=978-0-7456-1298-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Bullock|first=Alan|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Alan Bullock|year=1990|title=Hitler: A Study in Tyranny|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-013564-0|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last1=Burcher|first1=Roy|authorformat=scap|last2=Rydill|first2=Louis|year=1995|title=Concepts in Submarine Design|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-55926-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Busky|first=Donald F.|authorformat=scap|year=2002|title=Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas|url=https://archive.org/details/communisminhisto0000busk|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=0-275-97733-1|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Gordon|first=Robert S. C.|authorformat=scap|year=2012|title=The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010|location=Stanford, CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-6346-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Graham|first=Helen|authorformat=scap|year=2005|title=The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwarv00grah_0|location=Oxford & New York, NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=0-19-280377-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Grove|first=Eric J.|authorformat=scap|year=1995|chapter=A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946|title=''In J. R. Hill, ed.,'' The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy ''(pp. 348–380)''|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordillustrate0000unse_e1y4|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-211675-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Hane|first=Mikiso|authorformat=scap|year=2001|title=Modern Japan: A Historical Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/modernjapanhisto00hane_0|edition=3rd|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-3756-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Hanhimäki|first=Jussi M.|authorformat=scap|year=1997|title=Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"|url=https://archive.org/details/containingcoexis0000hanh_d8n8|location=Kent, OH|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=978-0-87338-558-9|ref=harv}}
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