Revisi per 20 Februari 2022 11.54 sunting Kuramochi Akihiko (bicara \| kontrib) Pengurus 11.069 suntingan Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan ← Revisi sebelumnya		Revisi terkini sejak 25 Maret 2022 14.25 sunting balikkan Prince ovy (bicara \| kontrib) Peninjau otomatis 202 suntingan kTidak ada ringkasan suntingan
Baris 48: == Lokasi == 'Atara terletak 10,7 kilometer di utara [[Ramallah]]. Berbatasan dengan Silwad di timur, 'Abwein di utara, Burham, 'Ajjul dan Umm Safa di barat, dan [[Birzeit\|Bir Zeit]] di selatan.<ref>[http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Atara_tp_en.pdf Atara Village profile], ARIJ, p. 4</ref> == Sejarah == Pecahan barang tanah sejak [[Zaman Besi]] I, Zaman Besi II, [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah\|Akhemeniyah]], [[Periode Helenistik\|Helenistik]], [[Kekaisaran Romawi\|Romawi]], [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur\|Bizantium]]<ref name=Finkelstein429/><ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 827</ref> dan era [[Kesultanan Mamluk (Kairo)\|Mamluk]] banyak ditemukan di tempat ini.<ref name=Finkelstein429>Finkelstein et al., 1997, p. 429</ref> [[Edward Robinson]] mengidentifikasi 'Atara dengan Ataroth di [[Alkitab]] yang disebutkan dalam [[Kitab Yosua]] 16:2.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/n97/mode/1up 80]</ref> Namun, beberapa otoritas modern lebih memilih untuk menempatkan Ataroth di tempat lain.<ref name="Tsafrir">Tsafrir, Di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 71</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| title = Kh. 'Aujah el-Foqa (Ataroth) — an Iron Age Fortified City in the Jordan Valley \| author = Adam Zertal \| author2 = Dror Ben-Yosef \| author3 = Oren Cohen \| author4 = Ron Be'eri \| name-list-style=amp\| journal = Palestine Exploration Quarterly \| volume = 141 \| number = 2 \| year = 2009 \| pages = 104–123 \| doi=10.1179/174313009x437819\| s2cid = 161233235 }}</ref> === Era Kesultanan Utsmaniyah === Baris 58: Pada abad 17-19, 'Atara terletak di nahiya [[Bani Zeid]]. Laki-laki dewasa diharuskan membayar 58-60 [[akçe]] kepada pemerintah Utsmaniyah di [[Yerusalem]].<ref>Singer, 1994, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA59 59]</ref> Desa itu juga tercatat sebagai desa Muslim.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/125/mode/1up 125]</ref> Penjelajah Prancis [[Victor Guérin]] melewati desa pada tahun 1870, dan ia memperkirakan desa ini memiliki sekitar 300 penduduk.<ref>Guérin, 1875, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n194/mode/1up 169]</ref> Sebuah daftar resmi desa Utsmaniyah dari waktu yang hampir sama (1870) menunjukkan bahwa 'Atara memiliki total 80 rumah dengan populasi 225 jiwa, meskipun jumlah penduduk hanya mencakup laki-laki.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde01deut#page/144/mode/1up 144] It was also noted to be in the Beni Zeid district</ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. [https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ#page/n914/mode/1up 106], also found 80 houses</ref> Pada tahun 1882, Survei ''Survey of Western Palestine'' oleh PEF menggambarkan Attara sebagai desa besar, memiliki posisi yang mencolok di atas bukit, dengan pohon buah zaitun di sekelilingnya.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/289/mode/1up 289]</ref> Pada tahun 1896 populasi Atara diperkirakan sekitar 480 orang.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. [https://archive.org/stream/zeitschriftdesde19deut#page/n231/mode/1up 124]</ref> === Mandat Inggris atas Palestina === Pada saat [[sensus Palestina 1922\|sensus Palestina tahun 1922]], Atara memiliki populasi 407 Muslim,<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-District of Ramallah, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n18/mode/1up 16]</ref> meningkat pada [[Sensus Palestina 1931\|sensus 1931]] menjadi 559 Muslim di 133 rumah.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 47]</ref> Pada tahun 1922, [[Dana Nasional Yahudi]] mendirikan sebuah [[moshav]] di atas 500 dunam tanah. Dikenal sebagai [[Atarot]], itu adalah salah satu pemukiman [[Zionisme\|Zionis]] pertama.<ref name="JNF 1948">{{cite book \| title=Jewish Villages in Israel \| author=Jewish National Fund \| year=1949 \| publisher=Hamadpis Liphshitz Press, pg 6 \| location=Jerusalem \| pages=191}}</ref> Dalam statistik 1945 populasi 'Atara adalah 690 Muslim,<ref name=1945p26>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p26.jpg 26]</ref> sedangkan total luas areanya adalah 9.545 [[dunam]], menurut survei tanah dan populasi resmi.<ref name=Hadawi64>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Ramallah/Page-064.jpg 64]</ref> Dari jumlah tersebut, 3.524 dialokasikan untuk perkebunan dan lahan irigasi, 3.550 untuk serealia,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Ramallah/Page-111.jpg 111].</ref> sementara 45 dunam diklasifikasikan sebagai daerah pemukiman.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Ramallah/Page-161.jpg 161]</ref> === Era Yordania === Baris 78: == Demografi == [[Emigrasi]] melonjak antara tahun 1952 dan 1955 ke [[Negara-negara Arab di Teluk Persia\|negara-negara Teluk Arab]], karena kondisi ekonomi yang buruk di [[Tepi Barat]]. Beberapa orang lainnya pindah ke [[Ramallah]] dan [[Yerusalem]] untuk bekerja.<ref name="TheStruggles"/> Pada tahun 1961, populasi desa ini adalah sebesar 1.110 jiwa.<ref name=Jordan1961/> Jumlahnya menurun drastis setelah [[Perang Enam Hari\|Perang Enam Hari 1967]], di mana Israel merebut dan menduduki Tepi Barat dari [[Yordania]]. Penduduk desa perlahan-lahan tumbuh menjadi 903 pada tahun 1982, kemudian 976 pada tahun 1987.<ref name="PR">[http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Atara_572/index.html Welcome to 'Atara] Palestine Remembered.</ref> Dalam sensus pertama yang dilakukan oleh [[Badan Pusat Statistik Palestina]] (PCBS) pada tahun 1997, populasi 'Atara mencapai 1.661, di mana 92 di antaranya adalah [[pengungsi Palestina]] (5,6%).<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t6.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality and Refugee Status] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119061257/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t6.aspx \|date=2008-11-19 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).</ref> Terdiri dari 50,2% laki-laki dan 49,8% perempuan.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t1.aspx Palestinian Population by Locality, Sex and Age Groups in Years] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119061326/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/phc_97/ram_t1.aspx \|date=2008-11-19 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS).</ref> Menurut perkiraan PCBS, 'Atara memiliki populasi sekitar 2.400 jiwa pada pertengahan tahun 2006.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx Projected Mid -Year Population for Ramallah & Al Bireh Governorate by Locality 2004- 2006] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011608/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/populati/pop07.aspx \|date=March 4, 2009 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</ref> Dalam sensus PCBS tahun 2007, 'Atara berpenduduk sebesar 2.270 jiwa, di mana 1.139 adalah laki-laki dan 1.131 perempuan. Terdapat 495 unit rumah dengan rata-rata ukuran rumah tangga terdiri dari 5,5 anggota keluarga.<ref name="pop07">[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf 2007 Census Final Results] {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210081942/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/book1487.pdf \|date=December 10, 2010 }} Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics</ref> Baris 87: Telur adalah produk utama dari 'Atara karena ada sebelas peternakan telur di desa. Zaitun juga diproduksi secara luas dan dikirim ke pabrik pengepres minyak di kota 'Arura, tempat minyak zaitun diproduksi. [[Titik pemeriksaan Israel\|Pos pemeriksaan Israel]] di sekitar 'Atara, serta panen tanaman zaitun 'Atara oleh pemukim Israel dari Ateret telah membebani ekonomi desa tersebut.<ref name="TheStruggles" /> 40,8% tanah desa didefinisikan sebagai tanah Area A, 43,8% sebagai Area B, sedangkan 15,4% sisanya didefinisikan sebagai [[Area C (Tepi Barat)\|Area C]]. Israel telah menyita 163 dunum tanah desa tersebut untuk membangun [[pemukiman Israel]] di Ateret.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183536/http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Atara_tp_en.pdf Atara Village profile], ARIJ, pp. 17-18</ref> == Referensi == Baris 94: == Daftar pustaka == {{refbegin}} * {{cite book \| editor =Barron, J.B. \| title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 \|url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 \|publisher = Government of Palestine \| year = 1923}} * {{cite book\|last=Canaan\|first=T.\|author-link=Tawfiq Canaan\|url=https://archive.org/details/MohammedanSaintsAndSanctuariesInPalestine \|title=Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine\|year=1927\|location=London\|publisher=Luzac & Co.}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/MohammedanSaintsAndSanctuariesInPalestine/Mohammedan%20saints%20and%20sanctuaries%20in%20Palestine#page/n277/mode/1up 269]) * {{cite book\|last1=Conder\|first1=C.R.\|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder\|last2=Kitchener\|first2=H.H.\|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener\|year=1882\|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp02conduoft\|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology\|location=London\|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund\|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]\|volume=2}} * {{cite book \| last= Dauphin \|first = Claudine \| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ \|volume = III : Catalogue \| series = BAR International Series 726 \| year = 1998 \| publisher = Archeopress \| location = Oxford\|language =fr\|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}} * {{cite book\|editor1=Finkelstein, I.\| editor1-link= Israel Finkelstein\|editor2=Lederman, Zvi\|year=1997\|title=Highlands of many cultures\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wb4xmgEACAAJ \|location=[[Tel Aviv]]\|publisher= Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University Publications Section\| isbn = 965-440-007-3}} * {{cite book \| title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population \| author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics \| year = 1964\|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}} * {{cite book\|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 \|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390\|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics\|year=1945}} * {{cite book\|last=Guérin\|first=V.\|author-link=Victor Guérin\|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine\|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr04gugoog\|volume=2: Samarie, pt. 2\|year=1875\|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale\|location=Paris\|language=fr}} * {{cite book\|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine\|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html\|first=S.\|last=Hadawi\|author-link=Sami Hadawi\|year=1970\|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Centre}} * {{cite journal \| last = Hartmann \| first =M.\| author-link = Martin Hartmann \| title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) \| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins \| volume = 6 \| pages = 102–149 \| url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ \| year = 1883}} * {{cite book \| last1= Hütteroth \|first1=Wolf-Dieter \|first2=Kamal \| last2=Abdulfattah \| title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century \|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ \| year = 1977 \| publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft\|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}} * {{cite book \| author =Kahle, P.E.\| author-link =Paul E. Kahle\| title =Volkserzählungen aus Palästina\| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Iio2AQAAMAAJ \| year =1918 \|publisher =Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht}} (Cited in Hamdan Taha) * {{cite book \| editor = Mills, E. \| title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas \|url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas \| publisher = Government of Palestine \| location = Jerusalem \| year = 1932}} * {{cite book\|last=Palmer\|first=E.H.\|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer\|year=1881\|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft\|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer\|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund\|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} * {{cite book\|last1=Robinson\|first1=E.\|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)\|last2=Smith\|first2=E.\|author-link2=Eli Smith\|year=1841\|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog \|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838\| location=Boston\|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]\|volume=2}} * {{cite book\|last1=Robinson\|first1=E.\|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)\|last2=Smith\|first2=E.\|author-link2=Eli Smith\|year=1841\|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft \|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838\| location=Boston\|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]\|volume=3}} * {{cite journal \| last = Schick \| first =C.\| author-link = Conrad Schick \| title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem \| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins \| volume = 19 \| pages = 120–127 \| url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut \| year = 1896}} * {{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrsAw_mk1d0C&pg=PA59\|title=Palestinian peasants and Ottoman officials: rural administration around sixteenth-century Jerusalem\|last=Singer\|first=A.\| author-link =Amy Singer (historian) \|edition=3rd, illustrated\|publisher=Cambridge University Press\|year=1994\|isbn=0-521-47679-8}} * {{cite journal \| last = Socin \| first =A.\| author-link = Albert Socin \| title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem \| journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins \| volume = 2 \| pages = 135–163 \| url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut \| year = 1879}} * {{cite book \|author1=Tsafrir, Y.\|author-link1=Yoram Tsafrir\|author2=Leah Di Segni \|author3=Judith Green \| title = (TIR): Tabula Imperii Romani: Judaea, Palaestina \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XJtAAAAMAAJ \| publisher = Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities \| location = Jerusalem \| year = 1994 \| isbn=965-208-107-8}} {{refend}} == Pranala luar == * [http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/_Atara_572/index.html Welcome To 'Atara] * [https://www.welcometopalestine.com/destinations/ramallah-al-bireh/atara/ Atara], Welcome to Palestine * Survey of Western Palestine, Map 14: [https://web.archive.org/web/20180928072721/http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8376 IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.14.jpg Wikimedia commons] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181217/http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/factsheet/%27Atara_vp_en.pdf Atara factsheet], [[Applied Research Institute–Jerusalem]] (ARIJ) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906183536/http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/vprofile/Atara_tp_en.pdf Atara Village profile], ARIJ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906182148/http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/images/english/%27Atara_ap_en.jpg Atara aerial photo], ARIJ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140907123135/http://vprofile.arij.org/ramallah/pdfs/needsfordevelopment/%27Atara_vp_en.pdf Locality Development Priorities and Needs in 'Atara Town], ARIJ {{Kegubernuran Ramallah dan al-Bireh}}

'Atara: Perbedaan antara revisi