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Baris 1: '''Leukemia''' merujuk kepada satu kelompok penyakit [[darah]] yang ditandai dengan [[kanker]] pada jaringan-jaringan yang memproduksi darah. Leukemia adalah kanker yang paling banyak menimpa kanak-kanak di negara industri. Di [[Britania Raya]], satu dari 2000 kanak-kanak menderita penyakit ini. Pada [[abad ke-19]], leukemia dilihat sebagai satu penyakit mematikan tunggal yang homogen, ditandai oleh penampakan sampel darah yang putih ('''leuko-'''). Namun dengan berkembangnya pemahaman proses ~~pathologi~~patologi dan cytologi, dokter sekarang mampu mengenali penyakit berbeda yang banyak yang membutuhkan perawatan yang berbeda. <!-- Baris 26: * Swelling of the testicle(s) and cause swelling. * Skin symptoms --> == Jenis utama == Leukemia boleh dibahagikan secara klinikal dan patologikal kepada bentuk ''akut'' (mendadak) dan ''kronik'' (teruk): * Leukemia akut: penghasilan pesat sel darah muda. Ini menyebabkan tulang sumsum gagal menghasilkan sel darah dewasa. Boleh terjadi pada kanak-kanak dan orang muda. Jika tidak dirawat segera, pesakit boleh meninggal dalam masa beberapa bulan ataupun minggu. * Leukemia kronik: penghasilan banyak sel darah dewasa yamg tak normal. Biasanya mengambil masa beberapa bulan hingga tahun. Biasanya terjadi pada orang tua, tapi tidak mustahil pada orang muda. Selalunya diawasi untuk suatu tempoh sebelum dirawat untuk keberkesanan rawatan yang maksimum. Leukemia juga boleh dikelaskan mengikut jenis sel tak normal yang paling banyak dijumpai dalam darah: ~~==Types==~~ * Jika sel limfoid yang dijangkiti, ia dipanggil "leukemia limfosit". Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. Leukemia is also clinically split in to its ''[[acute]]'' and ''[[chronic]]'' forms. Furthermore, the diseases are classified according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood ([[lymphocyte\|lymphoid cells]] or [[granulocyte\|myeloid cells]]). When leukemia affects lymphoid cells, it is called lymphocytic leukemia. When myeloid cells are affected, the disease is called myeloid or myelogenous leukemia. * Jika sel mieloid yang dijangkiti, ia dipanggil "leukemia mielogenus". Jika dua jenis kategori ini digabungkan, terdapat empat jenis utama leukemia: ~~The four main forms are:~~ * [[Leukemia limfosit akut]] (ALL), paling biasa menjangkiti kanak-kanak. [[Acute lymphocytic leukemia]] (ALL) is the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also affects adults, especially those age 65 and older. [[Leukemia mielogenus akut]] (AML), lebih biasa berlaku pada orang dewasa berbanding kanak-kanak. [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]] (AML) occurs in both adults and children. This type of leukemia is sometimes called acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). [[Leukemia limfosit kronik]] (CLL), biasanya menjangkiti orang tua > 55 tahun, boleh juga menjangkiti orang muda. [[Chronic lymphocytic leukemia]] (CLL) most often affects adults over the age of 55. It sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost never affects children. [[Leukemia mielogenus kronik]] (CML), biasanya menjangkiti orang dewasa. Jenis paling jarang berlaku. *[[Chronic myelogenous leukemia]] (CML) occurs mainly in adults. A very small number of children also develop this disease. ~~The most common forms in adults are AML and CLL, whereas in children ALL is more prevalent.~~ Acute leukemias are characterised by the rapid growth of immature blood cells. This crowding makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells. Acute forms of leukemia are most common in children and young adults. (In fact, it is a more common cause of death for children in the [[United States\|US]] than any other type of malignant disease). Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemias due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the bloodstream and spread to other organs of the body. If left untreated, the patient will die within months or even weeks. Chronic leukemias are distinguished by the excessive buildup of relatively mature, but still abnormal, blood cells. Typically taking months to years to progress, the cells are produced at a much higher rate than normal cells, resulting in many abnormal white blood cells in the blood. Chronic leukemia mostly occurs in older people, but can theoretically occur in any age group. Whereas acute leukemia must be treated immediately, chronic forms are sometimes monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy. <!-- ==Causes== All leukemias are due to [[mutation]]s in the [[DNA]]. [[Chromosomal translocation]]s (crossing over of parts of [[chromosome]]s to others) are common, disrupting specific [[gene]]s that mediate cell division rate. Mutations may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to [[radiation]] or [[carcinogen\|carcinogenic]] substances. [[Cytogenetics]] and [[immunophenotyping]] are two laboratory investigations used to determine the type and aggressiveness of the leukemia and the necessity of urgent and active treatment, as well as an indication of prognosis. Baris 90 ⟶ 91: {{Hematologi}} ~~{{rintisan}}~~ [[Kategori:Hematologi]] Baris 98 ⟶ 97: [[af:Leukemie]] [[ms:Leukemia]] [[da:Leukæmi]] [[de:Leukämie]]

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