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Di Uni Soviet, baik Jerman dan Soviet menghabiskan musim semi dan awal musim panas 1943 dengan bersiap-siap untuk serangan besar di Rusia Tengah. Tanggal 4 Juli 1943, Jerman [[Pertempuran Kursk|menyerang pasukan Soviet di sekitar Kursk Bulge]]. Dalam satu minggu, pasukan Jerman lelah menghadapi pertahanan Soviet yang sangat teratur<ref>{{Cite journal|first=David M.|last=Glantz|work=CSI Report No. 11.|title=Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943|publisher=Combined Arms Research Library|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp|archivedate=2008-03-06|date=September 1986|oclc=278029256|accessdate=17 February 2010|journal=|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Soviet military deception in the Second World War|first=David M|last=Glantz|publisher=Routledge|year=1989|isbn=978-0-7146-3347-3|pages=149–59}}</ref> dan, untuk pertama kalinya dalam perang ini, Hitler membatalkan sebuah operasi sebelum memperoleh kesuksesan taktis atau operasional.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kershaw|first=Ian|title=Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2001|isbn=0-393-32252-1|page=592}}</ref> Keputusan ini sebagian dipengaruhi oleh [[invasi Sekutu ke Sisilia|invasi Sisilia]] oleh Sekutu Barat pada 9 Juli yang, bersama kegagalan-kegagalan Italia sebelumnya, berujung pada penggulingan dan penahanan Mussolini pada akhir bulan itu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=32}}</ref>
Tanggal 12 Juli 1943, Soviet melancarkan [[Operasi Kutuzov|serangan balasannya]] sendiri, sehingga memupuskan harapan apapun bagi Angkatan Darat Jerman untuk memenangkan pertempuran atau buntu di timur. Kemenangan Soviet di Kursk menandai kejatuhan superioritas Jerman<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bellamy|first=Chris T|title=Absolute war: Soviet Russia in the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0|publisher=BAlfred A. Knopf|year=2007|isbn=0-375-41086-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0/page/595 595]}}</ref> dan memberi Uni Soviet inisiatif di Front Timur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Healy|first=Mark|title=Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East|url=https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal|page=[https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal/page/n46 90]|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1992|isbn=1-85532-211-0}}</ref> Jerman berusaha menstabilkan front timur mereka di sepanjang [[garis Panther-Wotan]] yang sangat dipertahankan, namun Soviet berhasil mendobraknya di [[Pertempuran Smolensk (1943)|Smolensk]] dan [[Serangan Dnieper Hilir]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|pp=50–55}}</ref>
Pada awal September 1943, Sekutu Barat [[Invasi Sekutu ke Italia|menyerbu daratan Italia]], diikuti [[Gencatan senjata antara angkatan bersenjata Italia dan Sekutu|gencatan senjata Italia dengan Sekutu]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=McGowen|first=Tom|title=Assault From The Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2002|isbn=0-7613-1811-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43]–44}}</ref> Jerman menanggapinya dengan melumpuhkan pasukan Italia, mengambil alih kendali militer di wilayah Italia,<ref>{{cite book|last=Mazower|first=Mark|title=Hitler's Empire : Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirenaz0000mazo_m1t1|year=2009|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=978-0-14-101192-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/hitlersempirenaz0000mazo_m1t1/page/362 362]}}</ref> dan membuat serangkaian garis pertahanan.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hart|first1=Stephen|last2=Hart|first2=Russell|last3=Hughes|first3=Matthew|title=The German Soldier in World War II|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|isbn=0-7603-0846-2|year=2000|page=151}}</ref> Pasukan khusus Jerman kemudian [[Serangan Gran Sasso|menyelamatkan Mussolini]], yang kemudian mendirikan negara klien baru di Italia dudukan Jerman bernama [[Republik Sosial Italia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Blinkhorn|first=Martin|title=Mussolini and Fascist Italy|url=https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin_a3q2|page=[https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin_a3q2/page/n52 52]|year=1984|publisher=Methuen & Co|isbn=0-415-10231-6}}</ref> Sekutu Barat berperang melintasi beberapa garis hingga [[Garis Musim Dingin|garis pertahanan utama Jerman]] pada pertengahan November.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Read|first1=Anthony|last2=Fisher|first2=David|title=The Fall of Berlin|page=129|publisher=Hutchinson|isbn=0-09-175337-6|year=1992}}</ref>
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Jerman kehilangan seperempat wilayahnya sebelum perang (1937), wilayah timur: [[Silesia]], [[Neumark]] dan sebagian besar [[Pomerania]] diambil alih Polandia; [[Prusia Timur]] dibagi antara Polandia dan Uni Soviet, diikuti dengan [[Pengusiran warga Jerman setelah Perang Dunia II|pengusiran 9 juta warga Jerman]] dari provinsi-provinsi tersebut, serta 3 juta warga Jerman dari [[Sudetenland]] di Cekoslowakia ke Jerman. Pada 1950-an, satu dari lima orang Jerman Barat adalah pengungsi dari timur. Uni Soviet juga menduduki provinsi milik Polandia di sebelah timur [[Garis Curzon]] (melibatkan pengusiran 2 juta warga Polandia),<ref name="stalinswars43">{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11204-1|page=43}}</ref> Rumania Timur,<ref name="stalinswars55">{{Cite book|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|title=Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2006|isbn=0-300-11204-1|page=55}}</ref><ref name="shirer794">{{Cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.|title=The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1990|isbn=0-671-72868-7|page=794}}</ref> dan sebagian Finlandia timur,<ref name="ckpipe">{{Cite book|last=Kennedy-Pipe|first=Caroline|title=Stalin's Cold War|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=1995|isbn=0-7190-4201-1}}</ref> serta tiga [[negara Baltik]].<ref name="wettig20">{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2008|isbn=0-7425-5542-9|pages=20–21}}</ref><ref name="senn">{{Cite book|last=Senn|first=Alfred Erich|title=Lithuania 1940: revolution from above|publisher=Rodopi|year=2007|isbn=978-90-420-2225-6}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Churchill waves to crowds.jpg|jmpl|250px|Perdana Menteri [[Winston Churchill]] memberi tanda "Victory" kepada kerumunan di London pada [[Hari Kemenangan di Eropa]].]]
Demi mempertahankan perdamaian,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1997|isbn=1-56032-546-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode/page/39 39]}}</ref> Sekutu mendirikan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa yang resmi berdiri tanggal 24 Oktober 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm|title=History of the UN|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref> dan mengadopsi [[Deklarasi Universal Hak-Hak Asasi Manusia]] tahun 1948 sebagai standar umum bagi semua negara anggotanya.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2|url=http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=14 November 2009|quote=* Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty}}</ref> Kekuatan-kekuatan besar yang menjadi pemenang perang—Amerika Serikat, Uni Soviet, Tiongkok, Britania Raya, dan Prancis—menjadi anggota tetap [[Dewan Keamanan]] PBB.<ref name="The UN Security Council"/> Kelima anggota tetap ini masih ada sampai sekarang, meski terjadi perubahan dua kursi, [[Resolusi Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa 2758|antara Republik Tiongkok dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]] tahun 1971, dan antara Uni Soviet dan negara penggantinya, Federasi Rusia, setelah [[pembubaran Uni Soviet]]. Aliansi antara Sekutu Barat dan Uni Soviet mulai memburuk, bahkan sejak sebelum perang berakhir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kantowicz|first=Edward R|title=Coming Apart, Coming Together|url=https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=2000|isbn=0-8028-4456-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6 6]}}</ref>
Jerman dibagi secara ''de facto'', dan dua negara merdeka, [[Jerman Barat|Republik Federal Jerman]] dan [[Republik Demokratis Jerman]]<ref name="wettig96">{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2008|isbn=0-7425-5542-9|pages=96–100}}</ref> dibentuk di dalam perbatasan zona pendudukan Sekutu dan Soviet. Seluruh Eropa terbagi antara [[cakupan pengaruh]] Barat dan Soviet.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Marc|last=Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-00273-8|page=33}}</ref> Kebanyakan negara Eropa timur dan tengah masuk dalam cakupan Soviet yang melibatkan pendirian rezim-rezim Komunis dengan dukungan penuh atau setengah dari otoritas pendudukan Soviet. Akibatnya, [[Republik Rakyat Polandia|Polandia]], [[Republik Rakyat Hongaria|Hongaria]],<ref name="granville">{{Cite book|last=Granville|first=Johanna|title=The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|year=2004|isbn=1-58544-298-4}}</ref> [[Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia|Cekoslowakia]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Grenville|first=John Ashley Soames|title=A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st century|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-28954-8|pages=370–71}}</ref> [[Republik Rakyat Rumania|Rumania]], [[Republik Rakyat Albania|Albania]],<ref name="cook17">{{Cite book|last=Cook|first=Bernard A|title=Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2001|isbn=0-8153-4057-5|page=17}}</ref> dan [[Jerman Timur]] menjadi [[negara satelit]] Soviet. [[Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] Komunis melaksanakan kebijakan merdeka penuh yang menciptakan ketegangan dengan Uni Soviet.<ref>Geoffrey Swain. The Cominform: Tito's International? ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 35, No. 3 (Sep. 1992), pp. 641–663</ref>
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:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=[[The Second World War (book)|The Second World War]]|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-297-84497-6|ref=CITEREFBeevor2012}}
:{{Cite book|last=Belco|first=Victoria|authorformat=scap|year=2010|title=War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-9314-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Bellamy|first=Chris T.|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|isbn=978-0-375-41086-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Ben-Horin|first=Eliahu|authorformat=scap|year=1943|title=The Middle East: Crossroads of History|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Berend|first=Ivan T.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Iván T. Berend|year=1996|title=Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-55066-6|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Levine|first=Alan J.|authorformat=scap|year=1992|title=The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945|location=Westport, CT|publisher=[[Praeger]]|isbn=978-0-275-94319-6|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=Morton|authorformat=scap|year=1953|chapter=Japanese Plans and American Defenses|chapterurl=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm|title=''In Kent Roberts Greenfield, ed.,'' [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm The Fall of the Philippines]|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[US Government Printing Office]]|id=Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 53-63678|ref=harv|access-date=2012-12-06|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525032120/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm|dead-url=yes}}
:{{Cite book|last=Liberman|first=Peter|authorformat=scap|year=1996|title=Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies|url=https://archive.org/details/doesconquestpaye0000libe|location=Princeton, NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]isbn=978-0-691-02986-3|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Lightbody|first=Bradley|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis|location=London & New York, NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-22404-8|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Lilly|first=J. Robert|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Taken by Force: Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|isbn=978-0-230-50647-3|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.|authorformat=scap|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp. 29–56)''|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James B.|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos|authorformat=scap|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London & Washington, DC|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael|authorformat=scap|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven J.|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}}
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