Hilal Subur: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[File:Diffusion_of_agriculture_from_the_Fertile_Crescent_after_9000_BC.jpg|pra=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/File:Diffusion_of_agriculture_from_the_Fertile_Crescent_after_9000_BC.jpg|jmpl|Difusi pertanian dari Hilal Subur setelah tahun 9000 SM]]
Analisis modern<ref name="PNAS">{{cite journal|last1=Brace|first1=C. Loring|last2=Seguchi|first2=Noriko|last3=Quintyn|first3=Conrad B.|last4=Fox|first4=Sherry C.|last5=Nelson|first5=A. Russell|last6=Manolis|first6=Sotiris K.|last7=Qifeng|first7=Pan|year=2006|title=The questionable contribution of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age to European craniofacial form|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA]]|volume=103|issue=1|pages=242–247|bibcode=2006PNAS..103..242B|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509801102|pmc=1325007|pmid=16371462|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ricaut|first1=F. X.|last2=Waelkens|first2=M.|date=Aug 2008|title=Cranial Discrete Traits in a Byzantine Population and Eastern Mediterranean Population Movements|journal=[[Human Biology (journal)|Human Biology]]|volume=80|issue=5|pages=535–564|doi=10.3378/1534-6617-80.5.535|pmid=19341322|s2cid=25142338}}</ref> yang membandingkan 24 pengukuran kraniofasial menunjukkan tingkat keberagaman manusia yang tinggi dalam daerah Hilal Subur pada masa pra-[[Neolitikum]], [[Neolitikum]], dan [[zaman Perunggu]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Analisis ini mendukung anggapan bahwa terdapat beberapa jenis masyarakat manusia yang menduduki daerah ini pada masa-masa tersebut.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5003663/ Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East]</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barker|first=G.|year=2002|title=Transitions to farming and pastoralism in North Africa|work=Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis|editor-last1=Bellwood|editor-first1=P.|pages=151–161|editor-last2=Renfrew|editor-first2=C.}}</ref><ref>Bar-Yosef O (1987), "Pleistocene connections between Africa and SouthWest Asia: an archaeological perspective", ''The African Archaeological Review''; Chapter 5, pp 29–38</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kislev|first1=ME|last2=Hartmann|first2=A|last3=Bar-Yosef|first3=O|year=2006|title=Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley|journal=Science|volume=312|issue=5778|pages=1372–1374|bibcode=2006Sci...312.1372K|doi=10.1126/science.1125910|pmid=16741119|s2cid=42150441}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lancaster|first=Andrew|year=2009|title=Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35|url=http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|journal=Journal of Genetic Genealogy|volume=5|issue=1|access-date=2022-01-29|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506150956/http://www.jogg.info/51/files/Lancaster.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>Findings include remains of food items carried to the [[Levant]] from [[North Africa]] —— [[Parthenocarpic]] [[Ficus|figs]] and [[Nile]] [[shellfish]] (please refer to [[Natufian culture#Long-distance exchange]]).</ref> Sebaliknya, pada masa yang sama, di daerah [[Basque]] dan [[Kepulauan Canaria]], anggapan tersebut sama sekali tidak berdasar karena berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat kuno di daerah itu "jelas-jelas terhubung dengan orang Eropa modern". Selain itu, meskipun ada beberapa ilmuwan yang berpendapat lain, tidak ada bukti penelitian yang menunjukkan pengaruh [[Cro-Magnon]].<ref name="PNAS" />
Penelitian-penelitian yang ada juga menunjukkan bahwa terjadi suatu difusi: masyarakat beragam yang tinggal di daerah Hilal Subur ini kemudian banyak bermigrasi ke daerah lain. Pada awalnya, mereka berpindah dari [[Timur Dekat]]: ke arah barat menuju [[Eropa]] dan [[Afrika Utara]], arah utara menuju [[Krimea]] dan arah timur laut menuju [[Mongolia]].<ref name="PNAS" /> Sepanjang perjalanan, kelompok-kelompok ini masih menjaga kebiasaan bertani dan mengembangkan keluarga dengan masyarakat pemburu-pengumpul yang mereka temui. Pandangan ini didukung oleh penelitian-penelitian genetis<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chicki|first1=L|last2=Nichols|first2=RA|last3=Barbujani|first3=G|last4=Beaumont|first4=MA|year=2002|title=Y genetic data support the Neolithic demic diffusion model|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA|volume=99|issue=17|pages=11008–11013|bibcode=2002PNAS...9911008C|doi=10.1073/pnas.162158799|pmc=123201|pmid=12167671|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042315/http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1361/T03 Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans, Dupanloup et al., 2004]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Semino|first1=O.|last2=Magri|first2=C.|last3=Benuzzi|first3=G.|display-authors=etal|date=May 2004|title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1023–34|doi=10.1086/386295|pmc=1181965|pmid=15069642}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1715849&blobtype=pdf "Paleolithic and Neolithic lineages in the European mitochondrial gene pool"], Cavalli-Sforza 1997.</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/95/15/9053 "Clines of nuclear DNA markers suggest a largely Neolithic ancestry of the European gene"], Chikhi 1997.</ref> dan arkeologis.<ref name="PNAS" /><ref>M. Zvelebil, in ''Hunters in Transition: Mesolithic Societies and the Transition to Farming'', M. Zvelebil (editor), Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK (1986) pp. 5–15, 167–188.</ref><ref>P. Bellwood, ''First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies,'' Blackwell: Malden, MA (2005).</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dokládal|first1=M.|last2=Brožek|first2=J.|year=1961|title=Physical Anthropology in Czechoslovakia: Recent Developments|journal=Curr. Anthropol.|volume=2|issue=5|pages=455–477|doi=10.1086/200228|s2cid=161324951}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bar-Yosef|first1=O.|year=1998|title=The Natufian culture in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture|journal=Evol. Anthropol.|volume=6|issue=5|pages=159–177|doi=10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::aid-evan4>3.0.co;2-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zvelebil|first1=M.|year=1989|title=On the transition to farming in Europe, or what was spreading with the Neolithic: a reply to Ammerman (1989)|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antiquity_1989-06_63_239/page/379|journal=Antiquity|volume=63|issue=239|pages=379–383|doi=10.1017/s0003598x00076110}}</ref>
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