Krisis pangan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Baris 13:
Krisis energi global di tahun 2021–2022 telah merambat hingga ke produksi pupuk dan [[industri pangan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Energy crisis today – fertiliser and food crisis tomorrow? |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/agriculture-food/opinion/energy-crisis-today-fertiliser-and-food-crisis-tomorrow/ |work=Euractiv |date=19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='I'm afraid we're going to have a food crisis': The energy crunch has made fertilizer too expensive to produce, says Yara CEO |url=https://fortune.com/2021/11/04/energy-crisis-food-shortage-security-fertilizer-prices-yara-ceo-madagascar-cop26/ |work=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |date=4 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |work=Axios |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Hal ini telah menyebabkan berbagai harga pupuk telah mencapai titik tertingginya sejak tahun 2008. Dan ini, menurut [[Independent Commodity Intelligence Services]] adalah masalah serius karena setengah suplai pangan dunia disokong oleh pupuk nitrogen anorganik.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/20/global-energy-crisis-famine-production |work=The Guardian |date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
=== Invasi Rusia terhadap Ukraina ===
Harga gandum dunia telah mencapai harga tertingginya sejak 2008 merespon invasi Rusia di tahun 2002.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 February 2022 |title=Ukraine Invasion Threatens Global Wheat Supply |website=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224194252/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/business/ukraine-russia-wheat-prices.html |archive-date=24 February 2022 |author-last1=Swanson |author-first1=Anna}}</ref> Pada saat invasi berlangsung, Ukraina merupakan eksportir [[jagung]] dan [[gandum]] terbesar nomor empat di dunia, dan eksportir [[minyak biji bunga matahari]] terbesar dunia. Rusia dan Ukraina secara bersama-sama merupakan penyuplai 27 persen gandum dunia dan 53 persen biji bunga matahari dan minyak biji bunga matahari dunia.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say |work=VOA News |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324223234/https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[World Food Programme]] memperingatkan di bulan Maret bahwa perang di Ukraina dapat menyebabkan [[ketahanan pangan|krisis pangan global]] mencapai level yang belum pernah dilihat sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Durisin |first1=Megan |last2=Elkin |first2=Elizabeth |last3=Parija |first3=Pratik |date=9 March 2022 |title=The World's Next Food Emergency Is Here as War Compounds Hunger Crisis |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-08/war-in-ukraine-compounds-global-food-inflation-hunger-crisis |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313045846/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-03-08/war-in-ukraine-compounds-global-food-inflation-hunger-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref> Potensi gangguan yang terjadi pada suplai gandum dunia dapat memperparah krisis kelaparan di Yaman, Afghanistan, dan Afrika Timur.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 March 2022 |title=Crisis in Ukraine Drives Food Prices Higher Around World |work=[[Voice of America|VOA News]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/hold-for-wknd-crisis-in-ukraine-drives-food-prices-higher-around-world/6471261.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314135650/https://www.voanews.com/a/hold-for-wknd-crisis-in-ukraine-drives-food-prices-higher-around-world/6471261.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UN food agency official alarmed by Afghan food, fuel prices |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-afghanistan-business-lifestyle-poverty-c40ed521af2bf491ee438d0bbfab0353 |work=Associated Press |date=18 March 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407104053/https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-afghanistan-business-lifestyle-poverty-c40ed521af2bf491ee438d0bbfab0353 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Foreign Policy">{{cite news |title=Afghanistan's Hungry Will Pay the Price for Putin's War |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403210249/https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/04/01/afghanistan-food-insecurity-humanitarian-crisis-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=As many as 28 million people across East Africa at risk of extreme hunger if rains fail again |work=[[Oxfam]] |url=https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/many-28-million-people-across-east-africa-risk-extreme-hunger-if-rains-fail-again |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325145208/https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/many-28-million-people-across-east-africa-risk-extreme-hunger-if-rains-fail-again |url-status=live }}</ref> Asosiasi Produsen Roti Amerika Serikat memperingatkan bahwa segala hal yang terbuat dari [[serealia]] akan mengalami peningkatan harga karena masing-masing jenis serealia saling terkait dan saling menggantikan. [[Wells Fargo]] menyatakan bahwa Ukraina akan mengalami kesulitan dalam bercocok tanam di musim semi 2002 dan akan kehilangan satu musim tanam, sedangkan embargo yang diterapkan terhadap Rusia akan semakin meningkatkan inflasi di sektor harga pangan. Mengembalikan kemampuan Ukraina dalam bercocok tanam ke kondisi semula akan membutuhkan waktu beberapa tahun bahkan setelah peperangan berakhir.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2022 |title=Russia's invasion of Ukraine will likely ratchet American food prices even higher, experts say |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-wheat-exports/ |access-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2022/02/26/ukraine-russia-wheat-exports/ |archive-date=27 February 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
Peningkatan harga gandum akibat konflik ini akan semakin memperparah negara-negara yang sangat bergantung pada ekspor gandum Rusia dan Ukraina, seperti Mesir dan negara-negara di Afrika lainnya, dan dapat menyebabkan kerusuhan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite news |title=How tensions in Ukraine could rile Egypt |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/02/03/how-tensions-in-ukraine-could-rile-egypt |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224074626/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/02/03/how-tensions-in-ukraine-could-rile-egypt |archive-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Setidaknya 25 negara-negara di Afrika mengimpor sepertiga suplai gandum negara mereka dari Rusia dan Ukraina, dan 15 diantaranya mengimpor lebih dari setengahnya dari kedua negara itu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yusuf |first=Mohammed |date=2022-03-19 |title=Ukraine War to Compound Hunger, Poverty in Africa, Experts Say |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=VOA |language=en |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324223234/https://www.voanews.com/a/ukraine-war-to-compound-hunger-poverty-in-africa-experts-say/6492430.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Di bulan Februari, sebelum perang dimulai, pemerintah China memutuskan untuk menanggalkan setiap hambatan impor gandum dari Rusia sebagai bagian dari kesepakatan dagang yang telah dicapai kedua negara sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite web |title=海关总署公告2022年第21号（关于允许俄罗斯全境小麦进口的公告） [General Administration of Customs Notification 21/2022] |url=http://www.customs.gov.cn//customs/302249/2480148/4198208/index.html |website=[[General Administration of Customs]] |access-date=6 March 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225071757/http://www.customs.gov.cn/customs/302249/2480148/4198208/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' menyebut ini sebagai "penyelamat" perekonomian Rusia.<ref>{{cite web |author-last1=Tang |author-first1=Frank |date=24 February 2022 |title=China lifts all wheat-import restrictions on Russia amid Ukraine crisis |url=https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3168278/ukraine-crisis-deepens-china-lifts-all-wheat-import?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3168278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224213447/https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3168278/ukraine-crisis-deepens-china-lifts-all-wheat-import?module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article&campaign=3168278 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en}}</ref> Pada bulan Maret, FAO dan PBB melaporkan bahwa indeks harga pangan dunia telah mencapai level tertingginya dengan peningkatan sebesar 24 persen ''year-over-year'', dan analis memperkirakan bahwa invasi akan memiliki dampak yang berkepanjangan terhadap harga pangan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Food prices jump 24.1% yr/yr to hit record high in Feb, U.N. agency says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306003720/https://www.reuters.com/world/food-prices-hit-record-high-february-un-agency-says-2022-03-04/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Food Price Index hit record high in February, UN agency reports |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113332 |newspaper=UN News |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306142045/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1113332 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Pada akhir bulan Maret, berdasarkan pernyataan wakil sekretaris negara Amerika Serikat, invasi Rusia, secara spesifik blokade laut dan serangan terhadap kapal kargo sipil, telah menyebabkan kelangkaan pangan di Ukraina; kondisi yang akan merambat ke berbagai belahan dunia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Putin has created a "global food crisis" with war in Ukraine, US deputy secretary of state says |url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-29-22/h_52b64edc0433e080499ab92243b8b64a |access-date=30 March 2022 |agency=CNN |date=29 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330005054/https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-putin-news-03-29-22/h_52b64edc0433e080499ab92243b8b64a |url-status=live }}</ref> Ditambah lagi dengan hambatan ekspor yang dialami Rusia akibat sanksi ekonomi karena mereka adalah salah satu eksportir utama [[potas]], [[amonia]], [[urea]], dan [[nutrien]] tanah lainnya dan dapat mengganggu ketahanan pangan di berbagai negara.<ref>{{cite news |title=As sanctions bite Russia, fertilizer shortage imperils world food supply |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/sanctions-bite-russia-fertilizer-shortage-imperils-world-food-supply-2022-03-23/ |work=Reuters |date=23 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=FAO Information Note: The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict, 25 March 2022 Update |url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf |website=Food and Agriculture Organization |date=25 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/05/06/fertilizer-prices-food-securtiy |work=Axios |date=6 May 2022}}</ref> Peningkatan [[harga gas alam]] juga akan menaikkan harga [[pupuk]], dan akan berkontribusi pada peningkatan harga pangan secara global.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia-Ukraine war worsens fertilizer crunch, risking food supplies |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/04/12/1092251401/russia-ukraine-war-worsens-fertilizer-crunch-risking-food-supplies?t=1653820567878 |work=[[NPR]] |date=12 April 2022}}</ref> Sejak sebelum perang dimulai, Rusia telah menerapkan larangan ekspor [[amonium nitrat]] untuk memenuhi kebutuhan petani dalam negeri merespon tingginya harga pupuk dunia yang sudah meningkat.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Aled |last2=Bland |first2=William |last3=Bobylov |first3=Alexandre |date=2022-02-02 |title=Russia bans ammonium nitrate exports until April to support domestic farmers |url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/agriculture/020222-russia-bans-ammonium-nitrate-exports-until-april-to-support-domestic-farmers |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.spglobal.com |language=en}}</ref>
Berbagai ilmuwan menyarankan bahwa para pembuat kebijakan jangan meninggalkan praktek [[pertanian berkelanjutan]] demi meningkatkan produksi pangan. Sebaliknya, perubahan harus ada pada sisi permintaan, yaitu konsumen, yang secara langsung akan membentuk sistem pangan global yang berkelanjutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food crisis due to Ukraine war calls for demand-side action: less animal products, less waste, and greening EU agricultural policy — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/food-crisis-due-to-ukraine-war-calls-for-action-less-meat-less-waste-and-greening-eu-agricultural-policy |publisher=[[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Perubahan yang dimaksud adalah dengan mengurangi konsumsi daging, karena [[hewan ternak]] mengkonsumsi serealia dalam jumlah besar dan lahan [[penggembalaan]] yang luas, dua hal yang dapat dialihkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auswirkungen des Ukraine-Kriegs auf Ernährungssicherheit |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/rapid-reaction/details/news/auswirkungen-des-ukraine-krieg-auf-ernaehrungssicherheit/ |work=[[Science Media Centre#Other SMCs|Science Media Centre Germany]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bentley |first1=Alison |title=Broken bread — avert global wheat crisis caused by invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00789-x |journal=Nature |access-date=18 April 2022 |pages=551 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00789-x |date=22 March 2022|volume=603 |issue=7902 |pmid=35318475 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..551B |s2cid=247616714 }}</ref>
==Referensi==
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