Krisis pangan 2022: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Berbagai ilmuwan menyarankan bahwa para pembuat kebijakan jangan meninggalkan praktek [[pertanian berkelanjutan]] demi meningkatkan produksi pangan. Sebaliknya, perubahan harus ada pada sisi permintaan, yaitu konsumen, yang secara langsung akan membentuk sistem pangan global yang berkelanjutan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food crisis due to Ukraine war calls for demand-side action: less animal products, less waste, and greening EU agricultural policy — Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/food-crisis-due-to-ukraine-war-calls-for-action-less-meat-less-waste-and-greening-eu-agricultural-policy |publisher=[[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Perubahan yang dimaksud adalah dengan mengurangi konsumsi daging, karena [[hewan ternak]] mengkonsumsi serealia dalam jumlah besar dan lahan [[penggembalaan]] yang luas, dua hal yang dapat dialihkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan masyarakat.<ref>{{cite web |title=Auswirkungen des Ukraine-Kriegs auf Ernährungssicherheit |url=https://www.sciencemediacenter.de/alle-angebote/rapid-reaction/details/news/auswirkungen-des-ukraine-krieg-auf-ernaehrungssicherheit/ |work=[[Science Media Centre#Other SMCs|Science Media Centre Germany]] |access-date=18 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bentley |first1=Alison |title=Broken bread — avert global wheat crisis caused by invasion of Ukraine |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00789-x |journal=Nature |access-date=18 April 2022 |pages=551 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00789-x |date=22 March 2022|volume=603 |issue=7902 |pmid=35318475 |bibcode=2022Natur.603..551B |s2cid=247616714 }}</ref>
=== Krisis iklim ===
{{Further|Perubahan iklim dan pertanian}}
Kejadian gelombang panas, banjir, dan kekeringan yang berulang antara tahun 2020 dan 2022 secara signifikan mempengaruhi suplai pangan dunia. Berbagai cuaca ekstrim ini terkait dengan [[perubahan iklim]] yang menjadikan sistem pangan kurang mampu bertahan dari guncangan selevel seperti perang di Ukraina. Jumlah cadangan gandum dunia sejak awal tahun 2022 sudah sangat rendah akibat cuaca ekstrim yang telah terjadi tersebut.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Meredith |title='We see the storm coming': U.S. struggles to contain a deepening global food crisis |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/04/05/deepening-global-food-crisis-ukraine-russia-00023124 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}</ref>
Di [[Irak]], perubahan iklim telah menyebabkan [[kelangkaan air]] yang dapat memiliki dampak pada negara itu selama beberapa tahun ke depan.<ref>{{cite news |title='All the trees have died': Iraqis face intensifying water crisis |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/5/all-the-trees-have-died-iraqis-face-persistent-water-crisis |work=Al Jazeera |date=5 November 2021}}</ref> Suplai air Irak amat bergantung pada [[sistem sungai Eufrat–Tigris]] yang sedang mengalami penurunan debit aliran.<ref>{{cite news |title=Severe water shortages strain wheat harvest in Iraq |url=https://apnews.com/article/politics-technology-agriculture-iraq-57c49a6c08e293f6c08e07bb26e6a489 |work=Associated Press |date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
Kekeringan di Afrima Timur telah terjadi sejak tahun 2021 dan semakin intens pada tahun 2022 sebagai akibat dari datangnya [[La Nina]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=MULVANEY |first=KIERAN |date=2022-03-14 |title=Historic drought looms for 20 million living in Horn of Africa |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/historic-drought-looms-for-20-million-living-in-horn-of-africa |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=National Geographic: Environment |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-08 |title=Severe drought threatens 13 million with hunger in Horn of Africa |language=en |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/02/1111472 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref> Tiga musim hujan hadir dalam kondisi yang kering di kawasan tersebut, mematikan [[tanaman pertanian]] dan sejumlah besar hewan ternak.<ref name=":1" /> PBB memperkirakan dua puluh juta rakyat Afrika berada dalam risiko kelaparan.<ref name=":1" /> Sejumlah besar hewan ternak dan satwa liar mati akibat kekeringan ini.<ref name=":1" /> Berbagai kondisi ini memperparah dampak wabah [[belalang gurun]] di tahun 2019–2021 yang menghancurkan sejumlah besar area lahan pertanian.<ref name=":1" />
Di awal oktober 2021, atau setahun setelah [[perang Tigray]] dimulai, lembaga PBB untuk kemanusiaan yang bertugas di Tigray, [[Kantor_Koordinasi_Urusan_Kemanusiaan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa|OCHA]], menyatakan bahwa pemerintah Ethiopia dengan sengaja menyebabkan kelaparan di wilayah Tigray, dengan cara menghentikan bantuan kemanusiaan masuk ke wilayah itu.<ref name="PBS_sophisticated_campaign">{{cite news | last1= Schifrin | first1= Nick | title= Ethiopia's 'sophisticated campaign' to withhold food, fuel and other aid from Tigray | date= 6 October 2021 |newspaper= [[PBS]] | url= https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ethiopias-sophisticated-campaign-to-withhold-food-fuel-and-other-aid-from-tigray |access-date= 16 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211016045014/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/ethiopias-sophisticated-campaign-to-withhold-food-fuel-and-other-aid-from-tigray |archive-date= 16 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Krisis iklim juga terjadi di Eropa. Kekeringan yang terjadi saat musim dingin di Spanyol dan Portugal pada awal tahun 2022 diprediksi dapat mengurangi hasil pertanian di beberapa area hingga sebanyak 80 persen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-13 |title=Extreme winter drought devastates crops in Spain and Portugal |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/02/13/climate-change-induced-extreme-winter-drought-devastates-crops-in-spain-and-portugal |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> Hujan yang turun di awal Maret dan April tidak cukup membantu kondisi kekeringan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/espana/2022-04-08/el-marzo-menos-soleado-en-39-anos.html|website=[[El País]]|date=8 April 2022|first=Victoria|last=Torres Benayas|title=El marzo menos soleado en 40 años}}</ref> Di Prancis, hujan yang dingin membeku justru terjadi di saat pembentukan kuncup, mematikan bakal bunga dan mengurangi hasil tanaman buah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Late frost ices over French vineyards, threatens fruit crops |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-france-europe-environment-48f01edff0e6cbc33e4a1b51d36790dc |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>
Kekeringan di Italia telah mengurangi jumlah debit air yang mengalir di [[sungai Po]], yang berkontribusi penting terhadap 40 persen hasil tani di negara itu. [[Intrusi air asin]] di pesisir dapat mengurangi hasil tani hingga 30 persen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy's longest river, fed by melt from the Alps, dries up, threatening agricultural collapse |url=https://www.dailykos.com/story/2022/5/18/2098186/-Italy-s-longest-river-fed-by-melt-from-the-Alps-dries-up-its-food-basket-threatening-collapse |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=Daily Kos}}</ref>
Semenjak krisis pangan terjadi, India mengekspor lebih banyak gandum demi mengisi kekosongan suplai gandum dunia yang diakibatkan peperangan di Ukraina.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Mayank |title=EXCLUSIVE India acts to seize gap in wheat export market left by Ukraine war |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/exclusive-india-acts-seize-gap-wheat-export-market-left-by-ukraine-war-2022-03-15/ |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Reuters |date=16 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Namun di India sendiri, gelombang panas menyebabkan suplai pangan terganggu dan harga di beberapa tempat meningkat. Masalah juga diakibatkan oleh peperangan yang menyebabkan harga pupuk dunia meningkat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Explained: How heatwave might thwart India's dream to feed the world |url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424150614/https://www.firstpost.com/business/explained-how-heatwave-might-thwart-indias-dream-to-feed-the-world-10576961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gelombang panas hadir di akhir musim tanam, membunuh tanaman sebelum mereka siap dipanen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vaughan |first=Adam |title=Severe Indian heatwave will bake a billion people and damage crops |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426214955/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2317372-severe-indian-heatwave-will-bake-a-billion-people-and-damage-crops/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Hari |last2=Ives |first2=Mike |title=The Extreme Heat Pummeling India and Pakistan Is About to Get Worse |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/world/asia/india-extreme-heat-wave.html |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428154220/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/28/world/asia/india-extreme-heat-wave.html/|archive-date=28 April 2022}}</ref> Gelombang panas ini telah menyebabkan pemerintah India mengubah kebijakannya terhadap suplai gandum dunia dengan menghentikan ekspor gandum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Business |first=Diksha Madhok, CNN |title=India offered to help fix the global food crisis. Here's why it backtracked |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/05/17/business/india-wheat-export-ban-food-prices-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=CNN}}</ref> Gelombang panas juga sangat mempengaruhi hasil panen buah di [[Balochistan]].<ref name="guardian_2may2022">{{cite news |last1=Ellis-Petersen |first1=Hannah |last2=Meer Baloch |first2=Shah |title=‘We are living in hell’: Pakistan and India suffer extreme spring heatwaves |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/pakistan-india-heatwaves-water-electricity-shortages |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=2 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Gelombang panas telah menyebabkan [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Paraguay]], dan Brazil selatan, kawasan yang juluki dengan "kerucut selatan", mengalami penurunan hasil panen [[jagung]], [[kedelai]], dan serealia lainnya, sehingga secara signifikan mempengaruhi harga komoditas tersebut di seluruh dunia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-14 |title=GRAINS-Soybeans steady as South America rain chances assessed |url=https://www.agriculture.com/markets/newswire/grains-soybeans-steady-as-south-america-rain-chances-assessed |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Successful Farming |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=by |date=2022-01-10 |title=La Niña puts record harvests at risk |url=https://california18.com/strike-of-carriers-the-police-arrested-39-subjects-during-disturbances-on-the-central-highway/4062232022/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=California18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Heath |first=Maximilian |date=2022-01-06 |title=Heatwave to hit Argentina, further stressing corn, soybean crops |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/heatwave-hit-argentina-further-stressing-corn-soybean-crops-2022-01-06/ |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=GRANT |first=DANIEL |title=Argentine crops in 'grave danger;' Brazilian estimates fall |work=FarmWeek Now |url=https://www.farmweeknow.com/crop_conditions/argentine-crops-in-grave-danger-brazilian-estimates-fall/article_07e48b3e-73de-11ec-9ccf-1353f727de96.html}}</ref>
Banjir parah di [[New South Wales]], Australia pada Februari 2022 telah menghancurkan ladang [[kedelai]] dan [[sawah]] padi serta menurunkan sekitar 36 persen hasil kacang [[makadamia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-03 |title='All of our crops are completely submerged': Total crop losses expected in northern NSW flood zone |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-03/northern-nsw-crop-flood-damage/100875454 |access-date=2022-04-05}}</ref> Sejumlah besar kawanan hewan ternak terganggu dan berbagai infrastruktur pertanian dan peternakan rusak parah akibat banjir, yang disebut sebagai bencana alam perusak hasil pertanian terbesar ketiga di Australia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Floods and livestock losses leave NSW and Queensland farmers reeling from third disaster in three years |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/mar/02/floods-and-livestock-losses-leave-nsw-and-queensland-farmers-reeling-from-third-disaster-in-three-years |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>
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