Pemrograman neurolinguistik: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Kelebihan NLP
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'''Neuro-linguistic programming''' ('''NLP''') adalah sebuah pendekatan [[komunikasi interpersonal|komunikasi]], [[pengembangan pribadi]], dan [[psikoterapi]] yang diciptakan oleh [[Richard Bandler]] dan [[John Grinder]] di [[California, USA]] pada tahun 1970-an. Penciptanya mengklaim adanya hubungan antara proses neurologi ("neuro"), bahasa ("linguistic") dan pola perilaku yang dipelajari melalui pengalaman ("programming") dan bahwa hal tersebut dapat diubah untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dalam kehidupan.<ref name="Tosey & Mathison 2006">Tosey, P. & Mathison, J., (2006) "[http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf Introducing Neuro-Linguistic Programming] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103020411/http://www.som.surrey.ac.uk/NLP/Resources/IntroducingNLP.pdf |date=2019-01-03 }} Centre for Management Learning & Development, School of Management, University of Surrey.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Dilts, R., Grinder, J., Delozier, J., and Bandler, R.|title=Neuro-Linguistic Programming: Volume I: The Study of the Structure of Subjective Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/neurolinguisticp01dilt|publisher=Cupertino, CA: Meta s
dniPublications|year=1980|page=[https://archive.org/details/neurolinguisticp01dilt/page/2 2]|isbn=978-0916990077}}</ref> Bandler dan Grinder mengklaim bahwa ketrampilan seseorang dapat "dimodel" menggunakan metodologi NLP kemudian ketrampilan tersebut dapat dimiliki oleh siapa saja.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|last2=John|title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360|year=1975|publisher=Science and behavior Books Inc.|isbn=0831400447|pages=[https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360/page/n22 5]–6 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grinder|first=John|last2=Bostic St. Clair|last2= Carmen|title=Whispering In The Wind|year=2001|publisher=J & C Enterprises|isbn=0971722307|chapter=Chapter 2: Terminology|quote=NLP is a modeling technology whose specific subject matter is the set of differences that make the difference between the performance of geniuses and that of average performers in the same field or activity. In this sense, the objective of modeling studies in NLP is to explicate in a transferable and learnable code these sets of differences.1 The core activity, then, is the mapping of tacit knowledge onto an explicit model. This meta-discipline was created by John Grinder and Richard Bandler in the early 70's.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|title=Time for a Change|year=1993|publisher=Meta Pubns|isbn=9780916990282|page=vii|quote=Two decades ago, the founders of neurolinguistic programming (NLP) sought to answer that "why" usefully. With a functional answer to
that question, we could train people to perform like geniuses.}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Grinder, John | year=2008 | title=What is NLP? | medium=Promotional video | language=English | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJzO5x6ko6w | accessdate=June 1, 2013 | location=Australia | publisher=Inspiritive }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Bandler, Richard | year=2008 | title=What is NLP? | medium=Promotional video | language=English | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vlcsFJyEXQ | accessdate=June 1, 2013 |publisher=NLP Life }}</ref> Bandler dan Grinder juga mengklaim bahwa NLP dapat mengobati masalah seperti [[pobia]], [[depresi]], gangguan kebiasaan, penyakit [[psikosomatik]], [[miopia]],<ref name="Bandler 1981, p. 166">Dalam sebuah seminar, Bandler & Grinder (1981, p. 166) mengklaim bahwa satu sesi NLP dikombinasikan dengan [[hipnosis]] dapat menghilangkan masalah penglihatan tertentu seperti miopia dan menyembuhkan flu yang umum (op.cit., p. 174)...(Juga, op.cit., p. 169) Bandler dan Grinder percaya bahwa, menggabungkan NLP dengan regresi hipnosis, seseorang tidak hanya mengobati masalah, tetapi juga menjadi lupa terhadap fakta bahwa penyakitnya pernah ada. Sehingga setelah satu sesi terapi, seorang perokok menyangkal pernah merokok, bahkan ketika keluarga dan rekan-rekannya bersikeras sebaliknya. Grinder, John.; Richard Bandler; Connirae Andreas (ed.) (1981). Trance-Formations: Neuro-Linguistic Programming and the Structure of Hypnosis. Moab, UT: Real People Press. ISBN 0-911226-23-0. Klaim tentang miopia diulang pada bab 4 di buku Grinder, John; Bostic-St. Clair (2001) Whispering in the Wind. J&C Enterprises ISBN 0-9717223-0-7</ref> [[alergi]], [[flu]]<ref name="Bandler 1981, p. 166"/> dan gangguan belajar, sering kali hanya dalam satu sesi terapi.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|title=Time for a Change|year=1993|publisher=Meta Pubns|isbn=9780916990282|page=vii|quote=In single sessions, they can accelerate learning, neutralize phobias, enhance creativity, improve relationships, eliminate allergies, and lead firewalks without roasting toes. NLP achieves the goal of its inception. We have ways to do what only a genius could have done a decade ago.}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | people=Bandler, Richard | year=2008 | title=What is NLP? | medium=Promotional video | language=English | url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vlcsFJyEXQ | accessdate=June 1, 2013 | quote=We can reliably get rid of a phobia in ten minutes -- every single time.| publisher=NLP Life }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|last2=John|editor1-last=Andreas|editor1-first=Connirae|title=Trance-formations|year=1985|publisher=Real People Press|isbn=0911226222|pages=166–8,173–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grinder|first=John|last2=Bostic St. Clair|first2=Carmen|title=Whispering In The Wind|year=2001|publisher=J & C Enterprises|isbn=0971722307|chapter=Chapter 4: Personal Antecedents of NLP }}</ref> NLP telah diadopsi oleh beberapa [[hipnoterapi]]s dan dalam seminar-seminar yang dipasarkan untuk bisnis dan pemerintahan.<ref name="Von Bergen 1997" /><ref name="Dowlen 1996">{{cite journal|last=Dowlen|first=Ashley|title=NLP - help or hype? Investigating the uses of neuro-linguistic programming in management learning|journal=Career Development International|date=1 January 1996|volume=1|issue=1|pages=27–34|doi=10.1108/13620439610111408}}</ref>
Ulasan penelitian empiris menunjukkan bahwa NLP telah gagal memproduksi hasil yang dapat diandalkan terhadap ajaran intinya. Bukti ilmiah mengungkapkan bahwa NLP didiskreditkan sebagai [[ilmu semu|pseudosains]]. Ulasan ilmiah menunjukkan adanya beberapa kesalahan faktual,<ref name="Von Bergen 1997">{{cite journal|last=von Bergen|first=C. W.|coauthors=Gary, Barlow Soper; Rosenthal, T.; Wilkinson, Lamar V.|title=Selected alternative training techniques in HRD|journal=Human Resource Development Quarterly|year=1997|volume=8|issue=4|pages=281–294|doi=10.1002/hrdq.3920080403}}</ref><ref name="Druckman 2004">{{cite journal|last=Druckman|first=Daniel|title=Be All That You Can Be: Enhancing Human Performance|journal=Journal of Applied Social Psychology|date=1 November 2004|volume=34|issue=11|pages=2234–2260|doi=10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01975.x}}</ref> dan gagal untuk menghasilkan hasil yang ditegaskan oleh para pendukungnya.<ref name="Witkowski 2010">{{cite journal|last=Witkowski|first=Tomasz|title=Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?|journal=Polish Psychological Bulletin|date=1 January 2010|volume=41|issue=2|doi=10.2478/v10059-010-0008-0}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley 1987">{{cite journal|last=Sharpley|first=Christopher F.|title=Research findings on neurolinguistic programming: Nonsupportive data or an untestable theory?|journal=Journal of Counseling Psychology|date=1 January 1987|volume=34|issue=1|pages=103–107|doi=10.1037/0022-0167.34.1.103}}</ref> Menurut psikolog klinis Grant Devilly (2005),<ref name="Devilly 2005">{{cite journal|last=Devilly|first=Grant J.|title=Power Therapies and possible threats to the science of psychology and psychiatry|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry|date=1 June 2005|volume=39|issue=6|pages=437–445|doi=10.1111/j.1440-1614.2005.01601.x|pmid=15943644|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> NLP telah mengalami penurunan dalam prevalensi sejak tahun 1970-an. Kritik telah melampaui kurangnya bukti empiris untuk efektivitas, mengatakan bahwa NLP memamerkan karakteristik [[pseudosains]],<ref name="Devilly 2005"/> judul,<ref name="Corballis 1999">{{cite book|last=Corballis|first=M.C.|title=Mind Myths: Exploring Popular Assumptions About the Mind and Brain|url=https://archive.org/details/mindmythsexplori0000unse|year=1999|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=0-471-98303-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/mindmythsexplori0000unse/page/41 41]|edition=Repr.|editor=S.D. Sala|chapter=Are we in our right minds?}}</ref> konsep dan terminologinya juga.<ref name="Stollznow">{{cite journal | title=Bad language: Not-so Linguistic Programming| author=Stollznow, K. | journal=Skeptic | year=2010 | volume=15 | issue=4 | page=7}}</ref><ref name="Norcross et al 2006" /> NLP tampil sebagai contoh dari pseudosains untuk memfasilitasi pengajaran literasi sains di tingkat profesional dan [[universitas]].<ref name="Lum 2001">{{cite book|title=Scientific Thinking in Speech and Language Therapy|publisher=Psychology Press|author=Lum.C|year=2001|page=16|isbn=0-8058-4029-X}}</ref><ref name="Lilienfeld et al 2001">{{cite journal|last=Lilienfeld|first=Scott O.|coauthors=Lohr, Jeffrey M.; Morier, Dean|title=The Teaching of Courses in the Science and Pseudoscience of Psychology: Useful Resources|journal=Teaching of Psychology|date=1 July 2001|volume=28|issue=3|pages=182–191|doi=10.1207/S15328023TOP2803_03}}</ref><ref name="Dunn et al 2008">{{cite book|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|author=Dunn D, Halonen J, Smith R|title=Teaching Critical Thinking in Psychology|year=2008|page=12|isbn=978-1-4051-7402-2}}</ref> NLP juga muncul pada daftar intervensi yang didiskreditkan berbasis ulasan konsensus ahli.<ref name="Witkowski 2010"/> Dalam penelitian yang dirancang untuk mengidentifikasi "faktor dukun" dalam praktik kesehatan mental modern, Norcross ''et al.'' (2006) <ref name="Norcross et al 2006">{{cite journal|last=Norcross|first=John C.|coauthors=Koocher, Gerald P.; Garofalo, Ariele|title=Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll.|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice|date=1 January 2006|volume=37|issue=5|pages=515–522|doi=10.1037/0735-7028.37.5.515}}</ref> mendaftarkan NLP sebagai kemungkinan didiskreditkan untuk pengobatan masalah perilaku. Norcross ''et al.'' (2010) mendaftarkan NLP dalam sepuluh besar intervensi yang paling didiskreditkan,<ref name="Norcross et al 2010">{{cite journal|last=Norcross|first=John C.|coauthors=Koocher, Gerald P.; Fala, Natalie C.; Wexler, Harry K.|title=What Does Not Work? Expert Consensus on Discredited Treatments in the Addictions|journal=Journal of Addiction Medicine|date=1 September 2010|volume=4|issue=3|pages=174–180|doi=10.1097/ADM.0b013e3181c5f9db}}</ref> Glasner-Edwards dan Rawson (2010) mendaftarkan terapi NLP sebagai "pasti didiskreditkan".<ref name="Glasner-Edwards et al 2010">{{cite journal|last=Glasner-Edwards|first=Suzette|coauthors=Rawson, Richard|title=Evidence-based practices in addiction treatment: Review and recommendations for public policy|journal=Health Policy|date=1 October 2010|volume=97|issue=2-3|pages=93–104|doi=10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.05.013}}</ref>
 
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=== Awal pengembangan ===
Menurut Bandler dan Grinder, NLP terdiri dari metodologi yang disebut "modeling" dan serangkaian teknik yang berasal dari aplikasi awal yang dikembangkan oleh Bandler dan Grinder.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|last2=John|title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360|year=1975|publisher=Science and behavior Books Inc.|isbn=0831400447|page=[https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360/page/n23 6]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grinder|first=John|last2=Bostic St. Clair|first2=Carmen|title=Whispering In The Wind|year=2001|publisher=J & C Enterprises|isbn=0971722307|chapter=Chapter 2: Terminology }}</ref> Banyak di antara metode-metode yang dianggap fundamental berasal dari pemodelan oleh Bandler dan Grinder terhadap hasil karya [[Virginia Satir]], [[Milton Erickson]], dan [[Fritz Perls]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|first2=John|editor1-last=Andreas|editor1-first=Steve|title=Frogs into Princes:Neuro Linguistic Programming|url=https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band|year=1979|publisher=Real People Press|isbn=0911226192|page=[https://archive.org/details/frogsintoprinces00band/page/n13 8] }}</ref> Bandler dan Grinder juga menarik teori-teori dari [[Gregory Bateson]], [[Alfred Korzybski]] dan [[Noam Chomsky]], terutama ''transformasi grammar''.<ref name="Stollznow">{{cite journal|author=Stollznow, K.|year=2010|title=Bad language: Not-so Linguistic Programming|journal=Skeptic|volume=15|issue=4|page=7}}</ref><ref name="lisawake">{{cite book|last=Wake|first=Lisa|title=Neurolinguistic psychotherapy : a postmodern perspective|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415425414|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|last2=John|title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/structureofmagic00grin|year=1975|publisher=Science and behavior Books Inc.|isbn=0831400447}}</ref> Bandler dan Grinder mengklaim bahwa terapi "ajaib" yang dilakukan oleh Perls, Satir dan Erickson, dan pada aktivitas manusia yang kompleks, memiliki suatu struktur tertentu yang kemudian dapat dikodifikasikan menggunakan metodologi mereka untuk selanjutnya dapat dipelajari oleh orang lain. Buku mereka pada tahun 1975 berjudul ''The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy'' ditujukan untuk menjadi kodifikasi teknik terapi dari Perls dan Satir.<ref name="Bandler 1975 6">{{cite book|last=Bandler|first=Richard|last2=Grinder|last2=John|title=The Structure of Magic I: A Book about Language and Therapy|url=https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360|year=1975|publisher=Science and behavior Books Inc.|isbn=0831400447|pages=[https://archive.org/details/structuremagicvo00band_360/page/n23 6] }}</ref>
 
=== Titel / Gelar Akademik "S.Psi., M.Psi.T" ===