Morfin: Perbedaan antara revisi
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morfin pertama kali diisolasi antara 1803 dan 1805 oleh [[Friedrich Sertürner]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&pg=PA36|title=Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World|last=COURTWRIGHT|first=David T.|date=2009-06-30|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02990-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=GHqV3elHYvMC&pg=PA36|title=Forces of Habit – David T. COURTWRIGHT – Google Books|date=2017-09-08|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref> Isolasi ini dianggap sebagai yang pertama dalam kategori [[bahan aktif]] dari tanaman.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtOiLVWBn8cC&pg=PA20&hl=en|title=Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology: Volume 1: Molecular Toxicology|last=Luch|first=Andreas|date=2009-04-03|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-7643-8336-7|language=en}}</ref> [[Merck KGaA|Merck]] memasarkannya pertama kali pada 1827.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> morfin banyak digunakan setelah penemuan [[Alat suntik|spuit hipodermis]] pada 1853–1855.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UQXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123|title=Drugs and Drug Policy: The Control of Consciousness Alteration|last=Mosher|first=Clayton J.|last2=Akins|first2=Scott M.|date=2013-08-22|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-2188-2|language=en}}</ref> Sertürner pertama kali menamakan senyawa ini ''morphium'' mengikuti dewa mimpi Yunani, [[Morfeus]], karena efek menyebabkan tidur.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFR2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT598|title=Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery|last=Fisher|first=Gary L.|last2=Roget|first2=Nancy A.|date=2008-11-11|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6601-5|language=en}}</ref>
Sumber utama dalam isolasi morfin adalah ''[[:en:Poppy straw|poppy straw]]'' [[Candu|Papaver somniferum]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&pg=PA77|title=Estupefacientes: previsiones de las necesidades mundiales para 2008, estadisticas de 2006|date=2008-04|publisher=United Nations Publications|isbn=978-92-1-048119-9|language=en|access-date=2020-01-02|archive-date=2017-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908135509/https://books.google.com/books?id=0_9QHvacPzYC&pg=PA77|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Pada 2013, produksi morfin mendekati 523 ton.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|title=Book sources|url=https://en.wiki-indonesia.club/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789210481571|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Hampir 45 ton morfin digunakan menangani nyeri, peningkatan empat kali lipat daripada dua puluh tahun terakhir.<ref name=":4" /> Sekitar 70% obat ini digunakan sebagai bahan opioid lain seperti [[hidromorfon]], [[oksimorfon]], dan [[heroin]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sud4ORAMNkYC&pg=PA20|title=Morphine|last=Busse|first=Gregory D.|last2=Triggle|first2=D. J.|last3=Staff|first3=State University of New York at Buffalo|last4=Staff|first4=Pharmaceutical Sciences|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0211-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0mUte90ATUC&pg=PA7|title=Drug Abuse Handbook|last=FFFLM|first=Steven B. Karch, MD|date=2006-12-21|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4200-0346-8|language=en}}</ref> morfin digolongkan sebagai obat Schedule II di Amerika Serikat,<ref name=":5" /> Class A di Inggris,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bUnCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162|title=Black's Medical Dictionary|last=Macpherson|first=Gordon|date=2002-01-01|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-7136-5442-4|language=en}}</ref> dan Schedule I di Kanada.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Y8QBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1409|title=Davis's Canadian Drug Guide for Nurses®|last=Vallerand|first=April Hazard|last2=Sanoski|first2=Cynthia A.|date=2014-06-04|publisher=F.A. Davis|isbn=978-0-8036-4086-3|language=en}}</ref> Obat ini terdaftar dalam [[Daftar Obat Esensial Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia]], obat-obatan paling efektif dan aman yang dibutuhkan oleh [[sistem kesehatan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213052708/http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicines/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1|title=Wayback Machine|date=2016-12-13|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref> Pada 2016, morfin adalah obat yang paling banyak diresepkan ke-158 di Amerika Serikat, dalam lebih dari tiga juta resep.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|title=The Top 300 of 2020|website=clincalc.com|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
== Penggunaan Medis ==
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