San Marino: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Geografi ==
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[[File:SanMarino2021OSM.png|thumb|260px|Peta detail San Marino yang dapat diperbesar]]
[[File:View of Mount Titano - San Marino.jpg|thumb|280px|upright=1.15|left|Benteng ''[[Guaita]]'' di [[Monte Titano]]]]
[[File:San Marino - Cloudy sunset.jpg|thumb|290px|upright=1.15|left|Pemandangan tembok pertahanan ''[[Guaita]]'']]
San Marino adalah sebuah [[Enklave dan eksklave|enklave]] yang dikelilingi oleh negara Italia di Eropa Selatan, di perbatasan antara [[Region di Italia|wilayah]] dari [[Emilia Romagna]] dan [[Marche]] dan sekitar {{convert|10|km|2|abbr=on}} dari [[Laut Adriatik|pantai Adriatik]] di Rimini. Topografinya yang berbukit, tanpa tanah datar alami yang substansial, merupakan bagian dari pegunungan [[Pegunungan Apennini|Apennini]]. Titik tertinggi di negara ini adalah puncak [[Monte Titano]] dengan ketinggian {{convert|749|m|ft|abbr=in|lk=out}} [[Meter di atas permukaan laut|di atas permukaan laut]]; sedangkan yang terendah adalah Sungai [[Ausa (sungai)|Ausa]] (yang berakhir di [[Marecchia]]),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecomuseorimini.it/parco-ausa/ |title=Parco Ausa |publisher=Ecomuseo Rimini |access-date=14 March 2022 |quote=Nel corso della metà del secolo scorso "l'Ausa, che si stava trasformando sempre di più in una fogna", è stato deviato e fatto confluire nelle acque del Marecchia per mezzo di sponde cementificate che, dai pressi del casello autostradale di Rimini Sud, costeggiano la collina di Covignano. A partire dagli anni sessanta il vecchio corso che sfociava in mare all’altezza di Piazzale Kennedy, venne tombificato. |trans-quote=During the middle of the last century, "the Ausa, which was increasingly turning into a sewer", was diverted and made to flow into the waters of the Marecchia by means of cemented banks which, near the Rimini Sud motorway exit, skirt the Covignano hill. Starting from the sixties, the old course that flowed into the sea at Piazzale Kennedy was buried.}}</ref> dengan ketinggian 55 m. San Marino tidak memiliki [[Sumber daya air|badan air]] dengan ukuran yang signifikan.
Negara ini adalah salah satu dari tiga negara di dunia yang [[Enklave dan eksklave|benar-benar tertutup oleh negara lain]] (yang lainnya adalah [[Vatikan]], juga dikelilingi oleh Italia, dan [[Lesotho]], diapit oleh [[Afrika Selatan]]). Ini adalah negara terkecil ketiga di Eropa, setelah Kota Vatikan dan [[Monaco]], dan negara terkecil kelima di dunia.<ref>{{cite web |title=San Marino |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/italy/emilia-romagna-and-san-marino/san-marino |website=Lonely Planet |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref>
Ekoregion terestrial [[Hutan gugur daun tropika|Italia sclerophyllous dan hutan semi-gugur]] yang terletak di dalam wilayah San Marino.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C. |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |display-authors=1 |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Negara ini memiliki skor rata-rata [[Indeks Integritas Lanskap Hutan|Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] tahun 2019 sebesar 0,01/10, peringkat terakhir secara global dari 172 negara.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |display-authors=1 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
=== Iklim ===
San Marino terletak di antara [[Iklim lautan|iklim samudera]] dan [[Iklim subtropis basah|iklim subtropis lembab]] ([[Klasifikasi iklim Köppen]]: ''Cfb dan Cfa''), dengan beberapa pengaruh kontinental. Memiliki musim panas yang hangat hingga panas dan musim dingin yang sejuk, khas daerah pedalaman di [[Semenanjung Italia]] tengah. Curah hujan tersebar sepanjang tahun tanpa bulan kering yang nyata. Hujan salju biasa terjadi dan lebat hampir setiap musim dingin, terutama di atas ketinggian {{convert|400|-|500|m|ft|abbr=in}}.
{{Weather box|location = [[Borgo Maggiore]], San Marino, ketinggian: {{convert|450|m|ft|abbr=on}}, ekstrem 1930-sekarang
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 19.9
|Feb record high C = 19.9
|Mar record high C = 24.5
|Apr record high C = 26.0
|May record high C = 32.0
|Jun record high C = 35.5
|Jul record high C = 39.9
|Aug record high C = 36.1
|Sep record high C = 32.3
|Oct record high C = 30.8
|Nov record high C = 23.0
|Dec record high C = 22.0
|Jan record low C = -13.6
|Feb record low C = -13.0
|Mar record low C = -10.1
|Apr record low C = -5.2
|May record low C = -2.5
|Jun record low C = 3.0
|Jul record low C = 7.6
|Aug record low C = 7.0
|Sep record low C = 1.0
|Oct record low C = -1.0
|Nov record low C = -5.6
|Dec record low C = -12.5
|Jan high C = 6.5
|Feb high C = 8.0
|Mar high C = 12.0
|Apr high C = 15.5
|May high C = 20.5
|Jun high C = 25.0
|Jul high C = 27.5
|Aug high C = 27.5
|Sep high C = 24.0
|Oct high C = 18.0
|Nov high C = 12.0
|Dec high C = 7.5
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 3.3
|Feb mean C = 4.5
|Mar mean C = 8.0
|Apr mean C = 12.2
|May mean C = 15.8
|Jun mean C = 20.0
|Jul mean C = 22.0
|Aug mean C = 22.0
|Sep mean C = 19.0
|Oct mean C = 14.0
|Nov mean C = 8.7
|Dec mean C = 4.5
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 0.0
|Feb low C = 1.0
|Mar low C = 4.0
|Apr low C = 9.0
|May low C = 11.0
|Jun low C = 15.0
|Jul low C = 17.5
|Aug low C = 17.5
|Sep low C = 14.0
|Oct low C = 10.0
|Nov low C = 5.5
|Dec low C = 1.5
|year low C =
|Jan precipitation mm = 48
|Feb precipitation mm = 49
|Mar precipitation mm = 59
|Apr precipitation mm = 65
|May precipitation mm = 65
|Jun precipitation mm = 56
|Jul precipitation mm = 53
|Aug precipitation mm = 60
|Sep precipitation mm = 76
|Oct precipitation mm = 79
|Nov precipitation mm = 87
|Dec precipitation mm = 63
|year precipitation mm =
|source 1 = Weatherspark.com<ref>{{cite web |title=Average Weather in Borgo Maggiore San Marino |url=https://weatherspark.com/y/72328/Average-Weather-in-Borgo-Maggiore-San-Marino-Year-Round |publisher=weatherspark.com |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = Extremes,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/repubblica-di-san-marino/citta-di-san-marino/ |language=it |title=Temperature estreme in San Marino |publisher=Temperature estreme in San Marino |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> climatedata.org (precipitation)<ref>{{cite web |title=Borgo Maggiore Climate |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/san-marino/borgo-maggiore/borgo-maggiore-203857/ |publisher=climate-data.org |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}
== Politik ==
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