Perang Dunia II: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Tanggal 16 Desember 1944, Jerman mengupayakan kesuksesan terakhirnya di Front Barat dengan mengerahkan sisa-sisa pasukan cadangannya untuk melancarkan [[Pertempuran Bulge|serangan balasan massal di Ardennes]] untuk memecah belah Sekutu Barat, mengepung sebagian besar tentara Sekutu Barat dan menaklukkan pelabuhan suplai utama mereka di [[Antwerp]] demi mencapai penyelesaian politik.<ref name="parkerxiii">{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Danny S|title=Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/battleofbulgehit0000park|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2004|isbn=0-306-81391-2|pages=xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70 & 329–330}}</ref> Pada Januari, serangan ini digagalkan tanpa satu tujuan strategis pun yang tercapai.<ref name="parkerxiii"/> Di Italia, Sekutu Barat tetap buntu di garis pertahanan Jerman. Pada pertengahan Januari 1945, Soviet menyerbu Polandia, [[Serangan Vistula-Oder|bergerak dari Sungai Vistula ke Sungai Oder]] di Jerman, dan [[Serangan Prusia Timur|menduduki Prusia Timur]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=85}}</ref> Tanggal 4 Februari, para pemimpin A.S., Britania Raya, dan Soviet bertemu di [[Konferensi Yalta]]. Mereka menyetujui pendudukan di Jerman pascaperang,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Solsten|first=Eric|title=Germany: A Country Study|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1999|isbn=0-7881-8179-3|pages=76–7}}</ref> dan Uni Soviet bergabung dalam perang melawan Jepang.<ref>{{Cite book|year=1967|author=United States Dept. of State|title=The China White Paper, August 1949|page=113|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-0608-5}}</ref>
Pada bulan Februari, Soviet [[Serangan Silesia|menginvasi Silesia]] dan [[Serangan Pomerania Timur|Pomerania]], sementara [[Invasi Sekutu Barat ke Jerman|Sekutu Barat memasuki Jerman Barat]] dan mendekati Sungai [[Rhine]]. Bulan Maret, Sekutu Barat melintasi Rhine di [[Operasi Plunder|utara]] dan [[Remagen|selatan]] [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Kantung Ruhr|mengepung Grup Agkatan Darat Jerman B]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Tom|title=Europe's troubled peace, 1945–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/europestroubledp0000buch|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2006|isbn=0-631-22163-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/europestroubledp0000buch/page/21 21]}}</ref> sementara Soviet melaju ke [[Wina]]. Pada awal April, Sekutu Barat akhirnya [[Serangan musim semi 1945 di Italia|berhasil membuat kemajuan di Italia]] dan bergerak melintasi Jerman Barat, sementara pasukan Soviet menyerbu Berlin pada akhir April; [[Hari Elbe|kedua pasukan bertemu di sungai Elbe]] tanggal 25 April. Tanggal 30 April 1945, [[Gedung Reichstag|Reichstag]] diduduki dan menandakan kekalahan militer Reich Ketiga.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Donald E|last=Shepardson|title=The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1998-01_62_1/page/135|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=62|issue=1|year=1998|pages=135–154|doi=10.2307/120398|jstor=120398}}</ref>
Sejumlah perubahan kepemimpinan terjadi pada masa ini. Tanggal 12 April, Presiden A.S. Roosevelt meninggal dunia dan digantikan oleh [[Harry Truman]]. Benito Mussolini dibunuh oleh [[gerakan pemberontakan Italia|partisan Italia]] tanggal 28 April.<ref>{{Cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Charles T|title=Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2001|isbn=0-7391-0195-1|page=244}}</ref> Dua hari kemudian, [[Kematian Adolf Hitler|Hitler bunuh diri]] dan digantikan oleh [[Laksamana Agung]] [[Karl Dönitz]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}</ref>
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:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2006|title=The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforspainsp0000beev|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-297-84832-5|ref=CITEREFBeevor2006}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=[[The Second World War (book)|The Second World War]]|location=London|publisher=[[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]]|isbn=978-0-297-84497-6|ref=CITEREFBeevor2012}}
:{{Cite book|last=Belco|first=Victoria|authorformat=scap|year=2010|title=War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/warmassacrerecov0000belc|location=Toronto|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|isbn=978-0-8020-9314-1|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Bellamy|first=Chris T.|authorformat=scap|year=2007|title=Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War|url=https://archive.org/details/absolutewarsovie0000bell_x5w0|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|isbn=978-0-375-41086-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Ben-Horin|first=Eliahu|authorformat=scap|year=1943|title=The Middle East: Crossroads of History|location=New York, NY|publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]]|ref=harv}}
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:{{Cite book|last=Brody|first=J. Kenneth|authorformat=scap|year=1999|title=The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936|url=https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-7658-0622-2|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=David|authorformat=scap|year=2004|title=The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940|location=London & New York, NY|publisher=[[Frank Cass]]|isbn=978-0-7146-5461-4|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Tom|authorformat=scap|year=2006|title=Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000|url=https://archive.org/details/europestroubledp0000buch|location=Oxford & Malden, MA|publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-631-22162-3|ref=harv}}
:{{cite book|last=Budiansky|first=Stephen|authorformat=scap|authorlink=Stephen Budiansky|year=2001|title=Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/battleofwitscomp0000unse|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=978-0-14-028105-7|ref=harv}}
:{{Cite book|author=———|year=2004|title=Air Power: The Men, Machines, and Ideas that Revolutionized War, from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_b1a9|location=London|publisher=[[Viking Press|Viking]]|isbn=978-0-670-03285-3|ref=CITEREFBudiansky2004}}
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