Zimbabwe: Perbedaan antara revisi

Presiden pertama Zimbabwe setelah kemerdekaannya adalah [[Canaan Banana]] yang awalnya hanya berperan seremonial sebagai kepala negara. Mugabe adalah perdana menteri dan kepala pemerintahan pertama negara itu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Godwin |first1=Peter |last2=Hancock |first2=Ian |date=1995 |orig-year=1993 |title='Rhodesians Never Die': The Impact of War and Political Change on White Rhodesia, c. 1970–1980<!-- single quotes are part of the title--> |location=Harare |publisher=Baobab Books |page=312 |isbn=978-0-908311-82-8 |author-link1=Peter Godwin |author-link2=Ian Hancock }}</ref>

Penolakan terhadap apa yang dianggap sebagai pengambilalihan Shona segera meletus di sekitar Matabeleland. Kerusuhan Matabele menyebabkan apa yang kemudian dikenal sebagai ''[[Gukurahundi {{Lang-sn|"hujan awal yang menghanyutkan sekam sebelum hujan musim semi"}})]]''.<ref name="watch">Nyarota, Geoffrey (2006). ''Against the Grain'', Zebra, p. 134; {{ISBN|1770071121}}.</ref> [[Brigade Kelima (Zimbabwe)|Brigade Kelima]], unit elit terlatih [[Korea Utara]] yang melapor langsung ke Mugabe,<ref name="meredith6273" /> memasuki Matabeleland dan membantai ribuan warga sipil yang dituduh mendukung "pembangkang".<ref name="meredith6273">{{cite book|title=Mugabe: Power, Plunder and the Struggle for Zimbabwe|last=Meredith|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Meredith|date=September 2007|orig-year=2002|location=New York|publisher=[[Perseus Books Group|PublicAffairs]]|isbn=978-1-58648-558-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62 62–73]|url=https://archive.org/details/mugabepowerplund00mere/page/62}}</ref><ref name="hill77">{{cite book|title=The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown |last= Hill |first=Geoff |location=Johannesburg |publisher=Struik Publishers|year=2005|orig-year=2003|isbn=978-1-86872-652-3|page=77}}</ref> Perkiraan jumlah kematian selama lima tahun kampanye Gukurahundi berkisar antara 3.750<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rhodesia.nl/Matabeleland%20Report.pdf|title =Report on the 1980s disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, by the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe, March 1997 – Conclusion – FINAL ESTIMATE: The figure for the dead and missing is not less than 3000. This statement is now beyond reasonable doubt. Adding up the conservative suggestions made above, the figure is reasonably certainly 3750 dead. More than that it is still not possible to say, except to allow that the real figure for the dead could be possibly double 3000, or even higher. Only further research will resolve the issue.}}</ref> hingga 80.000.<ref name="hill77" />

<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-17562-Gukurahundi%20killed%2080,000%20Eddie%20Cross/news.aspx|title=Gukurahundi killed 80,000: Eddie Cross|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112015104/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/news-17562-Gukurahundi%20killed%2080,000%20Eddie%20Cross/news.aspx|archive-date=12 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ribuan lainnya disiksa di kamp-kamp interniran militer.<ref name="catholiccommission">{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace|title=Breaking the Silence, Building True Peace|last1=Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe|last2=Legal Resources Foundation|date=1 January 1997|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://archive.org/details/BreakingTheSilenceBuildingTruePeace|title=REPORT ON THE 1980s DISTURBANCES IN MATABELELAND & THE MIDLANDS |publisher= [[Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe]]|date=March 1997|access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> Kampanye secara resmi berakhir pada tahun 1987 setelah Nkomo dan Mugabe mencapai kesepakatan persatuan yang menggabungkan pihak masing-masing, menciptakan Uni Nasional Afrika Zimbabwe – Front Patriotik ([[ZANU–PF]]).<ref name="meredith6273" /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081123124818/http://www.badley.info/history/ZANU-PF-Zimbabwe.event.html|archive-date=23 November 2008 | title= Chronology of Zimbabwe |publisher=badley.info|access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1831470.stm|title=Timeline: Zimbabwe|work=BBC News|access-date=9 December 2008 |date=15 October 2009}}</ref> [[Pemilihan umum Zimbabwe 1990|Pemilihan pada bulan Maret 1990]] menghasilkan kemenangan untuk Mugabe dan partai ZANU-PF, yang mengklaim 117 dari 120 kursi yang diperebutkan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|title=Zimbabwe: 1990 General Elections|access-date=9 December 2008 |publisher=EISA |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015007/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm|archive-date=5 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902092508/http://www.uz.ac.zw/publications/books/pol.html|archive-date=2 September 2009 |title=Voting for Democracy: A Study of Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe|last=Moyo |first=Jonathon N. |publisher=University of Zimbabwe |access-date=9 December 2008}}</ref>

Pada tahun 2000, pemerintah terus maju dengan program ''[[Reformasi lahan di Zimbabwe|Fast Track Land Reform]]'', sebuah kebijakan yang melibatkan pengadaan tanah wajib yang bertujuan untuk mendistribusikan kembali tanah dari populasi minoritas kulit putih ke mayoritas populasi kulit hitam.<ref name="humanrightswatcha">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/zimbabwe/ZimLand0302.pdf|title= Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe|publisher= [[Human Rights Watch]]}}&nbsp;{{small|(175&nbsp;KB)}}</ref> Penyitaan lahan pertanian kulit putih, kekeringan terus-menerus, dan penurunan serius dalam keuangan eksternal dan dukungan lainnya menyebabkan penurunan tajam dalam ekspor pertanian, yang secara tradisional merupakan sektor penghasil ekspor utama negara itu.<ref name="humanrightswatcha"/> Sekitar 58.000 petani kulit hitam independen sejak itu mengalami keberhasilan terbatas dalam menghidupkan kembali sektor tanaman komersial yang hancur melalui upaya dalam skala yang lebih kecil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/21/world/africa/in-zimbabwe-land-takeover-a-golden-lining.html?pagewanted=all|title=In Zimbabwe Land Takeover, a Golden Lining|work=The New York Times|date=20 July 2012|access-date=21 July 2012|author=Polgreen, Lydia}}</ref>