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Baris 18:
Nama Abkhazia di sebagian besar bahasa termasuk [[bahasa Indonesia]] berasal dari [[bahasa Rusia]]. Negara secara resmi ditunjuk sebagai "Republik Abkhazia" atau "Apsny".<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=http://abkhazworld.com/aw/reports-and-key-texts/607-constitution-of-the-republic-of-abkhazia-apsny |title=Constitution of the Republic of Abkhazia (Apsny) |publisher=Abkhazworld.com |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624045315/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/reports-and-key-texts/607-constitution-of-the-republic-of-abkhazia-apsny |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ejaan umum dalam [[bahasa Inggris]] sebelum abad ke-20 adalah ''Abhasia''.<ref>The British and Foreign Review: Or, European Quarterly. 1838, p. 422.; </ref><ref>Edmund Ollier. Cassell's illustrated history of the Russo-Turkish. 1885</ref>
== Sejarah ==
=== Sejarah awal ===
Antara [[Abad ke-1 hingga 10|abad ke-9]] dan ke-6 SM, wilayah Abkhazia modern adalah bagian dari [[kerajaan Georgia]] kuno [[Kolkhis]].<ref>{{Citation | title = Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562 | first = David | last = Braund | place = Oxford | publisher = Clarendon | year = 1994 | page = 359}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = The Making of the Georgian Nation | first = Ronald | last = Grigor | publisher = SUNY | page = 13}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | title = Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War | first = Stuart J | last = Kaufman | page = 91}}.</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm |title=BBC News – Regions and territories: Abkhazia |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2011 |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] |location=London |access-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303174523/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3261059.stm |archive-date=3 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sekitar abad ke-6 SM, [[Bangsa Yunani|orang Yunani]] mendirikan koloni perdagangan di sepanjang pantai [[Laut Hitam]] yang sekarang menjadi Abkhazia, khususnya di Pitiunt dan Dioscurias.
Penulis klasik menggambarkan berbagai orang yang tinggal di wilayah tersebut dan banyak sekali bahasa yang mereka gunakan.<ref>Graham Smith, Edward A. Allworth, Vivien A. Law et al., pages 56–58; ''Abkhaz'' by [[W. Barthold]] [[V. Minorsky]] in the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> [[Arrianos|Arrian]], [[Plinius Tua|Pliny]], dan [[Strabo]] telah memberikan laporan tentang masyarakat Abasgoi dan [[Moschiano|Moschoi]] di suatu tempat di Abkhazia modern di pantai timur [[Laut Hitam]]. Wilayah ini kemudian diserap pada 63 SM ke dalam Kerajaan Lazika.<ref>{{Citation | first = David | last = Braund | title = Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562 | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = USA | date = 8 September 1994 | page = 27}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Gregory | first = Timothy E | title = A History of Byzantium | year = 2005 | page = 78 | isbn = 978-0-631-23512-5}}.</ref>
=== Di dalam Kekaisaran Romawi/Bizantium ===
[[Kekaisaran Romawi]] menaklukkan Lazika pada abad ke-1 Masehi; namun, [[Romawi Kuno|orang-orang Romawi]] hanya memiliki sedikit kendali atas pedalaman Abkhazia. Menurut [[Arrianos|Arrian]], orang-orang Abasgoi dan Apsilae adalah subjek Romawi nominal, dan ada pos Romawi kecil di Dioscurias.<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Charles |author1-link=Charles King (professor of international affairs) |title=The Black Sea. A history. |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-924161-3 |chapter=The Expedition of Flavius Arrianus}}</ref> Setelah abad ke-4 Lazica mendapatkan kembali kemerdekaannya, tetapi tetap berada dalam lingkup pengaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran Bizantium]]. Anacopia adalah ibu kota kerajaan.
Negara itu sebagian besar beragama [[Kekristenan|Kristen]], dengan kursi [[uskup agung]] di Pityus.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, {{ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1}}), p. 975</ref> Meskipun waktu pasti kapan penduduk wilayah Abkhazia menjadi Kristen belum ditentukan, diketahui bahwa Stratophilus, Metropolitan Pityus, berpartisipasi dalam [[Konsili Nikea I|Konsili Nikea Pertama]] pada tahun [[325]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/syriac_misc.htm|title=B.H.Cowper, Syriac Miscellanies (1861)|first=B. Harris|last=COWPER|website=www.tertullian.org}}</ref> Menurut tradisi [[Gereja Ortodoks Timur|Timur]], [[Simon Petrus|Simon]] [[orang Zelot]] meninggal di Abkhazia setelah datang ke sana dalam perjalanan misionaris dan dimakamkan di Nicopsis.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McDowell |first1=Sean |title=The Fate of the Apostles: Examining the Martyrdom Accounts of the Closest Followers of Jesus |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317031895 |page=247}}</ref>
Sekitar pertengahan abad ke-6 M, [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Bizantium]] dan tetangga Sassanid Persia berjuang untuk supremasi atas Abkhazia selama 20 tahun, konflik yang dikenal sebagai Perang Malas. Pada tahun [[550]], selama [[Perang Lazika]], orang Abasgia (Abasgoi) memberontak melawan [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran Romawi Timur (Bizantium)]] dan meminta bantuan Sasania.{{sfn|Odisheli|2018|pages=1–2}} [[Jenderal|Jenderal Bessas]], bagaimanapun, menekan pemberontakan Abasgian.{{sfn|Odisheli|2018|pages=1–2}}
Sebuah serangan [[bangsa Arab]] ke Abasgia, dipimpin oleh [[Marwan bin Muhammad|Marwan II]], ditolak oleh Pangeran Leon I bersama-sama dengan sekutu Lazik dan [[Iberia]] pada tahun [[736]]. Leon I kemudian menikahi putri Mirian dan penerusnya, Leon II memanfaatkan persatuan dinasti ini untuk mengakuisisi Lazika pada tahun [[770]]-an.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nation-building in the post-Soviet borderlands|last=Smith|first=Graham|author2=Vivien Law|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-521-59968-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56 56]|url=https://archive.org/details/nationbuildingin0000unse/page/56}}</ref>
Sepertinya dianggap sebagai negara penerus Lazika (''Egrisi'' dalam sumber-sumber [[Georgia]]), pemerintahan baru ini terus disebut sebagai Egrisi dalam beberapa [[Kronik (sejarah)|kronik]] Georgia dan [[Armenia]] [[Seni kontemporer|kontemporer]] (misalnya ''The Vitae of the Georgian Kings'' oleh Leonti Mroveli dan ''The History of Armenia'' oleh Hovannes Draskhanakertsi).
=== Dalam lingkup Georgia ===
[[File:Caucasus 1124 AC en alt.svg|thumb|Kerajaan Abkhazia disatukan melalui suksesi [[Wangsa|dinasti]] dengan [[Kerajaan Georgia]] yang baru terbentuk pada tahun [[1008]] ketika Bagrat II dari Abkhazia menjadi Bagrat III dari Georgia.]]
Pertahanan yang berhasil melawan [[Bangsa Arab|Kekhalifahan Arab]], dan perolehan teritorial baru di timur, memberi pangeran Abasgian kekuatan yang cukup untuk mengklaim lebih banyak otonomi dari [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran Bizantium]]. Menjelang sekitar tahun [[778]], Pangeran Leon II, dengan bantuan [[bangsa Khazar]] mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan dari Kekaisaran Bizantium dan memindahkan kediamannya ke [[Kutaisi]]. Selama periode ini [[bahasa Georgia]] menggantikan [[bahasa Yunani]] sebagai bahasa literasi dan budaya.<ref>Alexei Zverev, ''Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus''; Graham Smith, Edward A Allworth, Vivien A Law et al., pages 56–58; ''Abkhaz'' by W. Barthold [V. Minorsky] in the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]; ''The Georgian-Abkhaz State'' (summary), by George Anchabadze, in: Paul Garb, Arda Inal-Ipa, Paata Zakareishvili, editors, Aspects of the Georgian-Abkhaz Conflict: Cultural Continuity in the Context of Statebuilding, Volume 5, 26–28 August 2000.</ref>
[[Kerajaan Georgia]] barat dari Abkhazia berkembang antara [[850]] dan [[950]], yang berakhir dengan penyatuan Abkhazia dan [[negara bagian]] [[Georgia]] timur di bawah satu [[monarki]] Georgia yang diperintah oleh Raja Bagrat III pada akhir abad ke-10 dan awal abad ke-11.
Pada [[Abad ke-11 hingga 20|abad ke-12]], raja David the Builder menunjuk Otagho sebagai Eristavi dari Abkhazia, yang kemudian menjadi pendiri ''House of Shervashidze'' (juga dikenal sebagai ''Chachba'').
Pada tahun [[1240]]-an, [[bangsa Mongol]] membagi Georgia menjadi delapan sektor administrasi militer (''duman''). Wilayah Abkhazia [[Seni kontemporer|kontemporer]] merupakan bagian dari ''duman'' yang dikelola oleh Tsotne Dadiani.
=== Pendudukan Ottoman ===
Pada abad ke-16, setelah pecahnya [[Kerajaan Georgia]] menjadi kerajaan dan kerajaan kecil, Kerajaan Abkhazia (secara nominal merupakan pengikut [[Kerajaan Imereti]]) muncul, diperintah oleh dinasti Shervashidze.<ref name="EB" /> Sejak tahun 1570-an, ketika angkatan laut [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Ottoman]] menduduki [[Sukhum|benteng Sukhum]], Abkhazia berada di bawah pengaruh [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekaisaran Ottoman]] dan [[Islam]]. Di bawah pemerintahan Ottoman, mayoritas elit Abkhaz masuk Islam. Kerajaan mempertahankan tingkat otonomi.
Abkhazia mencari perlindungan dari [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] pada tahun [[1801]], tetapi dinyatakan sebagai kerajaan otonom oleh [[Rusia]] pada tahun [[1810]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18802-544-2-30.pdf|last1=Beradze|first1=T.|last2=Topuria|first2=K.|last3=Khorava|first3=B.|year=2009|title=A Historical-Geographical Review of Modern Abkhazia in:Causes of War-Prospects for Peace. Proceedings of the Holy Synod of the Georgian Orthodox Church and the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung scientific conference on the theme: Causes of War – Prospects for Peace (2008), 2–3 December: CGS ltd|pages=10–12|website=www.kas.de|access-date=19 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191659/http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18802-544-2-30.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://rustaveli.tripod.com/history.html|title = HIstory|date = 2007|access-date = 19 September 2015|website = Georgia: Past, Present and Future|last = Mikaberidze|first = A.|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151016164333/http://rustaveli.tripod.com/history.html|archive-date = 16 October 2015|url-status = live}}</ref> Rusia kemudian mencaplok Abkhazia pada tahun [[1864]], dan perlawanan Abkhazia digagalkan ketika Rusia [[Deportasi|mendeportasi]] Muslim Abkhazia ke wilayah Ottoman (sekarang menjadi bagian negara [[Turki]]).<ref name="EB" /><ref name="BBC" /><ref name=":0" />
===Di dalam Kekaisaran Rusia===
[[File:Abkhazia & Samurzakan.jpg|thumb|left|Perbatasan [[Sukhum|Distrik Sukhum]] di [[Kegubernuran Kutais]] pada tahun [[1899]] ketika Abkhazia menjadi bagian dari [[Kekaisaran Rusia]].]]
Pada awal abad ke-19, ketika [[Rusia]] dan [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Ottoman]] berlomba-lomba untuk menguasai wilayah tersebut, para penguasa Abkhazia bergeser bolak-balik melintasi perpecahan agama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |pages=67–77}}</ref> Upaya pertama untuk menjalin hubungan dengan Rusia dilakukan oleh Kelesh-Bey pada tahun [[1803]], tak lama setelah penggabungan [[Georgia]] timur ke dalam kerajaan Tsar yang berkembang ([[1801]]). Namun, orientasi pro-Ottoman berlaku untuk waktu yang singkat setelah pembunuhannya oleh putranya Aslan-Bey pada [[2 Mei]] [[1808]].<ref>Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Historical Dictionary of Georgia", Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, p.84</ref>
Pada [[2 Juli]] [[1810]], [[Marinir]] [[Rusia]] menyerbu wilayah [[Sukhum]]-[[Sukhum|Kale]] dan mengganti Aslan-Bey dengan saudara saingannya, Sefer-Bey ([[1810]]–[[1821]]), yang telah masuk [[Kekristenan|Kristen]] dan memakai nama George. Abkhazia bergabung dengan [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] sebagai kerajaan otonom, pada tahun [[1810]].<ref name="EB" /> Namun, pemerintahan George terbatas dan banyak daerah pegunungan yang mandiri seperti sebelumnya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |page=78}}</ref>
[[Perang Rusia-Turki]] berikutnya sangat meningkatkan posisi Rusia, yang mengarah ke perpecahan lebih lanjut di elit [[Bangsa Abkhaz|Abkhaz]], terutama di sepanjang divisi agama. Selama [[Perang Krimea|Perang Krimea (1853–1856)]], pasukan Rusia harus mengevakuasi Abkhazia dan [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly|Pangeran Michael]] (1822–1864) tampaknya beralih ke Ottoman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |page=81}}</ref>
Belakangan, kehadiran Rusia diperkuat dan dataran tinggi [[Orang kulit putih|Kaukasia Barat]] akhirnya ditaklukkan oleh Rusia pada tahun [[1864]]. Otonomi Abkhazia, yang berfungsi sebagai zona penyangga pro-Rusia di wilayah yang bermasalah ini, tidak lagi diperlukan oleh pemerintah Tsar dan kekuasaan Shervashidze berakhir; pada [[November]] [[1864]], Pangeran Michael terpaksa melepaskan haknya dan bermukim kembali di [[Voronezh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |pages=81–82}}</ref>
Belakangan ini juga pada tahun yang sama, Abkhazia dimasukkan ke dalam [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] sebagai provinsi militer khusus<ref name="EB" /> Sukhum-Kale yang pada tahun [[1883]] diubah menjadi ''[[okrug]]'' sebagai bagian dari [[Kegubernuran Kutais]]. Sejumlah besar Muslim Abkhazia, dikatakan telah membentuk sebanyak 40% dari populasi Abkhazia, beremigrasi ke [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekaisaran Ottoman]] antara tahun [[1864]] dan [[1878]], bersama dengan populasi Muslim Kaukasus lainnya, sebuah proses yang dikenal sebagai ''[[Kaum Muhajirin|Muhajirin]]''.
[[File:Abkhaz and Georgian generals (A).jpg|thumb|Jenderal Abkhaz dan Georgia di [[Angkatan Darat Kekaisaran Rusia]], abad ke-19.]]
Sebagian besar wilayah tersebut tidak berpenghuni dan banyak [[Bangsa Armenia|orang Armenia]], [[Orang Georgia|Georgia]], [[Bangsa Rusia|Rusia]], dan lainnya kemudian bermigrasi ke Abkhazia, memukimkan kembali sebagian besar wilayah yang dikosongkan.<ref>{{cite book |title= E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936|last= Houtsma|first= M. Th.|author2= E. van Donzel|year= 1993|publisher= BRILL|isbn= 978-90-04-09796-4|page= 71|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&q=Abkhazia+history+19th+century&pg=PA70}}</ref> Beberapa [[sejarawan]] Georgia menyatakan bahwa suku-suku Georgia (Svans dan Mingrelians) telah menghuni Abkhazia sejak zaman [[Kolkhis|kerajaan Kolkhis]].<ref name="Lortkipanidze">Lortkipanidze M., ''The Abkhazians and Abkhazia'', Tbilisi 1990.</ref>
Dengan keputusan resmi dari otoritas Rusia, penduduk Abkhazia dan Samurzakano harus belajar dan berdoa dalam [[bahasa Rusia]]. Setelah deportasi massal tahun [[1878]], [[Bangsa Abkhaz|orang Abkhaz]] menjadi minoritas, secara resmi dicap sebagai orang yang bersalah, dan tidak memiliki pemimpin yang mampu melakukan perlawanan serius terhadap [[Rusifikasi]].<ref name="Tsarism">{{cite web|url=http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__5160/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx|title=Some of the issues of Russian imperial language policy in Abkhazia and its results (part II)|publisher=Experts' Club|date=28 July 2010|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182737/http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__5160/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Pendaki gunung [[Inggris]] Douglas Freshfield (yang memimpin ekspedisi ke [[Kaukasus]] dan yang pertama mendaki [[Gunung Kazbek|Kazbek]]) menggambarkan wilayah Abkhazia yang [[gundul]] dalam bab ''The Solitude of Abkhazia'' di buku ''The Exploration of the Caucasus'' yang diterbitkan pada tahun [[1892]].
Pada tanggal [[17 Maret]] [[1898]], kepala departemen ''[[Dekrit Sinode|sinode]]'' [[Gereja Ortodoks Rusia]], Georgia Imereti, atas perintah 2771, sekali lagi melarang pengajaran dan pelaksanaan ibadah di sekolah-sekolah gereja dan gereja-gereja di [[Sukhum|distrik Sukhum]]. Protes massal oleh penduduk Georgia di Abkhazia dan Samurzakano menyusul, yang beritanya sampai ke [[Daftar Kepala Monarki Rusia|kaisar Rusia]].
Pada tanggal [[3 September]] [[1898]] ''[[Dekrit Sinode|Sinode Suci]]'' mengeluarkan perintah 4880 yang menetapkan bahwa [[Paroki|paroki-paroki]] di mana kongregasinya adalah orang-orang Mingrelian, yaitu [[Orang Georgia|orang-orang Georgia]], menyelenggarakan layanan gereja dan pendidikan gereja dalam [[bahasa Georgia]], sementara paroki-paroki Abkhazia menggunakan [[Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno|bahasa Slravia kuno]].
Di distrik Sukhum, tarekati ini dilaksanakan hanya di tiga dari 42 paroki.<ref name="Tsarism" /> Tedo Sakhokia menuntut pihak berwenang Rusia untuk memperkenalkan [[bahasa Abkhaz]] dan [[Bahasa Georgia|Georgia]] dalam kebaktian dan pendidikan gereja. Tanggapan resmi adalah kasus pidana yang diajukan terhadap Tedo Sakhokia dan para pemimpin "''Partai Georgia''" yang aktif di Abkhazia.<ref name="Tsarism" />
===Di dalam Uni Soviet===
[[File:Soviet Caucasus map.svg|left|thumb|Peta [[Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Transkaukasia|RSS Transkaukasia]] (1957–1991) menunjukkan RSS Abkhazia di dalam [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Georgia|RSS Georgia]].]]
The [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] led to the creation of an [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|independent Georgia]] in 1918.<ref name="EB" /> Abkhazia remained part of Georgia after a peasant revolt supported by [[Bolshevik]]s and a Turkish expedition were defeated in 1918 and the [[Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)#Early_constitutional_history|1921 Georgian constitution]] granted Abkhazia autonomy.
In 1921, the [[Bolshevik]] Red Army invaded Georgia and ended its short-lived independence. Abkhazia was made a Socialist Soviet Republic ([[SSR Abkhazia]]) with the ambiguous status of a ''treaty republic'' associated with the [[Georgian SSR]].<ref name="EB" /><ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://abkhazia.narod.ru/constitution1.htm|date=1 April 1925|script-title=ru:Из конституции Социалистической Советской Республики Абхазии|trans-title=From the Constitution of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia|language=ru|at=Article 3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114093915/http://abkhazia.narod.ru/constitution1.htm|archive-date=14 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Neproshin | first = A. Ju. | trans-title = Abkhazia. Problems of international recognition | url = http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article-c165f1f9be6ab370d75a0b3d2af71a59.html | script-title = ru:Абхазия. Проблемы международного признания | publisher = [[MGIMO]] | date = 16–17 May 2006 | language = ru | access-date = 2 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080903112328/http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article-c165f1f9be6ab370d75a0b3d2af71a59.html | archive-date = 3 September 2008 | url-status = live}}.</ref> In 1931, [[Joseph Stalin]] made it an autonomous republic ([[Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] or in short Abkhaz ASSR) within the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]].
Despite its nominal autonomy, it was subjected to strong direct rule from central Soviet authorities. Under the rule of Stalin and [[Lavrenti Beria|Beria]] Abkhaz schools were closed, requiring Abkhaz children to study in the Georgian language.<ref>{{cite book |title = Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|year= 1999|publisher= Europa Publications Limited|location= London|isbn = 978-1-85743-058-5 |page= 363}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Abkhazians: a handbook|last= Hewitt|first= George|year= 1999|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-312-21975-8|page= [https://archive.org/details/abkhazianshandbo00geor/page/96 96]|url= https://archive.org/details/abkhazianshandbo00geor/page/96}}</ref><ref name="jrl" /> The publishing of materials in Abkhazian dwindled and was eventually stopped altogether; Abkhazian schools were closed in 1945/46.<ref>{{Citation | first = George | last = Hewitt | title = Abkhaz – A Comprehensive Self-Tutor | page = 17}}.</ref>
In the [[Great Purge|terror of 1937–38]], the ruling elite was purged of Abkhaz and by 1952 over 80% of the 228 top party and government officials and enterprise managers were ethnic Georgians; there remained 34 Abkhaz, 7 Russians and 3 Armenians in these positions.<ref>[http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–1953, by Stephen D. Shenfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100322/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield |date=10 September 2015 }} ''Abkhaz World'', 30 June 2010, retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> [[Communist Party of Georgia (Soviet Union)|Georgian Communist Party]] leader [[Candide Charkviani]] supported the Georgianization of Abkhazia.<ref>Bernard A. Cook (2014). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 |date=24 January 2016 }}''". Routledge. p.2. {{ISBN|1135179328}}</ref>
The policy of repression was eased after Stalin's death<ref name="BBC"/> and Beria's execution, and the Abkhaz were given a greater role in the governance of the republic.<ref name="BBC"/> As in most of the smaller autonomous republics, the Soviet government encouraged the development of culture and particularly of literature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saparov |first1=Arsène |title=From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317637844 |page=150}}</ref> The Abkhazian ASSR was the only autonomous republic in the USSR in which the language of the titular nation (in that case Abkhazian) was confirmed in its constitution as one of its official languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm|script-title=ru:ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Государственной комиссии Грузии по установлению фактов политики этнической чистки – геноцида, проводимой в отношении грузинского населения Абхазии, Грузия, и передачи материалов в Международный трибунал|trans-title=CONCLUSION: State Commission of Georgia on established facts of the politics of ethnic cleansing – genocide carried out against the Georgian population of Abkhazia, Georgia, and the transfer of materials to the International Tribunal|language=ru|publisher=geocities.com|date=February 1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027111846/http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm|archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref>
===Georgia Pasca-Soviet===
As the [[Soviet Union]] began to disintegrate at the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between the Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. Many Abkhaz opposed this, fearing that an independent Georgia would lead to the elimination of their autonomy, and argued instead for the establishment of Abkhazia as a separate Soviet republic in its own right. With the onset of [[perestroika]], the agenda of Abkhaz nationalists became more radical and exclusive.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Conflict Resolution and Status : the Case of Georgia and Abkhazia (1989–2008).|last=Céline.|first=Francis|date=2011|publisher=ASP|isbn=9789054878995|location=Bruxelles|oclc=922966407}}</ref>
In 1988 they began to ask for the reinstatement of Abkhazia's former status of Union republic, as the submission of Abkhazia to another Union republic was not considered to give enough guarantees of their development.<ref name="auto" /> They justified their request by referring to the Leninist tradition of the right of nations to self-determination, which, they asserted, was violated when Abkhazia's sovereignty was curtailed in 1931.<ref name="auto" /> In June 1988, a manifesto defending Abkhaz distinctiveness (known as the [[Abkhaz Letter]]) was sent to Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].
The Georgian–Abkhaz [[1989 Sukhumi riots|dispute turned violent]] on 16 July 1989 in Sukhumi. Numerous Georgians were killed or injured when they tried to enrol in a Georgian university instead of an Abkhaz one. After several days of violence, Soviet troops restored order in the city.
In March 1990, Georgia declared sovereignty, unilaterally nullifying treaties concluded by the Soviet government since 1921 and thereby moving closer to independence. The Republic of Georgia boycotted the 17 March 1991 [[1991 Soviet Union referendum|all-Union referendum]] on the renewal of the Soviet Union called by Gorbachev; however, 52.3% of Abkhazia's population (almost all of the ethnic non-Georgian population) took part in the referendum and voted by an overwhelming majority (98.6%) to preserve the Union.<ref>Conciliation Resources. [http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php Georgia-Abkhazia, Chronology] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007200548/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php |date=7 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>Парламентская газета (''Parlamentskaya Gazeta''). [http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html Референдум о сохранении СССР. Грузия строит демократию на беззаконии.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082832/http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html |date=28 September 2007 }} Георгий Николаев, 17 March 2006 {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
Most ethnic non-Georgians in Abkhazia later boycotted a 31 March [[1991 Georgian independence referendum|referendum on Georgia's independence]], which was supported by a huge majority of Georgia's population. Within weeks, Georgia declared independence on 9 April 1991, under former Soviet dissident [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]. Under Gamsakhurdia, the situation was relatively calm in Abkhazia and a power-sharing agreement was soon reached between the Abkhaz and Georgian factions, granting to the Abkhaz a certain over-representation in the local legislature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia |url=https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/274 |website=www.pesd.princeton.edu |publisher=Encyclopedia Princetoniensis |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804112845/https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node%2F274 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Coppieters, Bruno ''et al.''(2005), ''Statehood and security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution'', p. 384. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, {{ISBN|978-0-262-03343-5}}</ref>
Gamsakhurdia's rule was soon challenged by armed opposition groups, under the command of [[Tengiz Kitovani]], that forced him to flee the country in a military coup in January 1992. Former Soviet foreign minister and architect of the disintegration of the USSR [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] became the country's head of state, inheriting a government dominated by hard-line Georgian nationalists.{{cn|date=August 2021}}
On 21 February 1992, Georgia's ruling military council announced that it was abolishing the Soviet-era constitution and restoring the 1921 Constitution of the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. Many Abkhaz interpreted this as an abolition of their autonomous status, although the 1921 constitution contained a provision for the region's autonomy.<ref>[http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en 1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161919/http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en |date=23 May 2011 }}: Chapter XI, Articles 107–108 (adopted by the [[Constituent Assembly of Georgia]] 21 February 1921): "Abkhasie (district of Soukhoum), ..., which are integral parts of the Georgian Republic, enjoy autonomy in the administration of their affairs. The statute concerning the autonomy of [these] districts ... will be the object of special legislation". Regional Research Centre. Retrieved on 25 November 2008.</ref>
On 23 July 1992, the Abkhaz faction in the republic's Supreme Council declared effective independence from Georgia, although the session was boycotted by ethnic Georgian deputies and the gesture went unrecognised by any other country. The Abkhaz leadership launched a campaign of ousting Georgian officials from their offices, a process which was accompanied by violence.
In the meantime, the Abkhaz leader [[Vladislav Ardzinba]] intensified his ties with hard-line Russian politicians and military elite and declared he was ready for a war with Georgia.<ref name="Svante">[[Svante Cornell|Svante E. Cornell]] (2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 345–9. Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1162-8}}.</ref>
=== Perang di Abkhazia ===
[[File:1993 Georgia war1.svg|thumb|[[Perang Saudara Georgia]] dan [[Perang di Abkhazia (1992–1993)|Perang di Abkhazia]] pada Agustus–Oktober 1993]]
In August 1992, the Georgian government accused Gamsakhurdia's supporters of kidnapping Georgia's Interior Minister and holding him captive in Abkhazia. The Georgian government dispatched 3,000 soldiers to the region, ostensibly to restore order.
The Abkhaz were relatively unarmed at the time and the Georgian troops were able to march into Sukhumi with relatively little resistance<ref name="mirsky1" /> and subsequently engaged in ethnically based pillage, looting, assault, and murder.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/georgia953.pdf Full Report by Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Georgia/Abkhazia. Violations of the laws of war and Russia's role in the conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119070959/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/georgia953.pdf |date=19 November 2015 }} Helsinki, March 1995. p. 22</ref> The Abkhaz units were forced to retreat to [[Gudauta]] and [[Tkvarcheli]].{{cn|date=August 2021}}
The Abkhaz military defeat was met with a hostile response by the self-styled [[Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus]], an [[umbrella group]] uniting a number of movements in the [[North Caucasus]], including elements of [[Circassians]], [[Abaza people|Abazins]], [[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Cossacks]], [[Ossetians]] and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries and mercenaries from Russia, including the then-little-known [[Shamil Basayev]], later a leader of the anti-Moscow Chechen secessionists.
They sided with the Abkhaz separatists to fight against the Georgian government. In the case of Basayev, it has been suggested that when he and the members of his battalion came to Abkhazia, they received training by the Russian Army (though others dispute this), presenting another possible motive.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Chechen's Story: From Unrivaled Guerrilla Leader to the Terror of Russia |date=15 September 2004 |access-date=6 April 2011 |author=C.J.Shivers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/international/europe/15chechen.html?pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528054255/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/international/europe/15chechen.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September, the Abkhaz and North Caucasian paramilitaries mounted a major [[Battle of Gagra|offensive against Gagra]] after breaking a cease-fire, which drove the Georgian forces out of large swathes of the republic.
Shevardnadze's government accused Russia of giving covert military support to the rebels with the aim of "detaching from Georgia its native territory and the Georgia-Russian frontier land". 1992 ended with the rebels in control of much of Abkhazia northwest of Sukhumi.
The conflict was in stalemate until July 1993, when Abkhaz separatist militias launched an abortive attack on Georgian-held Sukhumi. They surrounded and heavily shelled the capital, where Shevardnadze was trapped. The warring sides [[Sochi agreement|agreed to a Russian-brokered truce in Sochi]] at the end of July. But the ceasefire broke down again on 16 September 1993.
Abkhaz forces, with armed support from outside Abkhazia, launched attacks on Sukhumi and Ochamchira. Notwithstanding UN Security Council's call for the immediate cessation of hostilities and its condemnation of the violation of the ceasefire by the Abkhaz side, fighting continued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unomig/background.html|title=UNOMIG: United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia – Background|work=un.org|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519123621/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unomig/background.html|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> After ten days of heavy fighting, Sukhumi was taken by Abkhazian forces on 27 September 1993. Shevardnadze narrowly escaped death, after vowing to stay in the city no matter what.
He changed his mind, however, and decided to flee when separatist [[sniper]]s fired on the hotel where he was staying. Abkhaz, North Caucasian militants, and their allies committed numerous atrocities<ref name="hrwreport" /> against the city's remaining ethnic Georgians, in what has been dubbed the [[Sukhumi Massacre]]. The mass killings and destruction continued for two weeks, leaving thousands dead and missing.
The Abkhaz forces quickly overran the rest of Abkhazia as the Georgian government faced a second threat; an uprising by the supporters of the deposed Zviad Gamsakhurdia in the region of Mingrelia (Samegrelo). Only a small region of eastern Abkhazia, the [[Upper Abkhazia|upper Kodori gorge]], remained under Georgian control (until 2008).{{cn|date=August 2021}}
During the war, gross human rights violations were reported on both sides (see [[Human Rights Watch]] report).<ref name="hrwreport"/> Georgian troops have been accused of having committed looting<ref name=mirsky1>On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, pg 72, by Georgiy I. Mirsky, published by [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], sponsored by the [[London School of Economics]]</ref> and murders "for the purpose of terrorising, robbing and driving the Abkhaz population out of their homes"<ref name="hrwreport"/> in the first phase of the war (according to [[Human Rights Watch]]), while Georgia blames the Abkhaz forces and their allies for the ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, which has also been recognised by the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE) Summits in [[Budapest]] (1994),<ref name=osce1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/osce/new/Regional-Issues.html |title=CSCE Budapest Document 1994, Budapest Decisions, Regional Issues |publisher=.umn.edu |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174605/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/osce/new/Regional-Issues.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lisbon]] (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4049_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104714/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4049_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Lisbon OSCE Summit Declaration|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> and [[Istanbul]] (1999).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1999/11/4050_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003061526/http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1999/11/4050_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Istanbul Document 1999|date=1999-11-19| df=dmy-all|archive-date=3 October 2006|website=www.osce.org}}</ref>
===Ethnic cleansing of Georgians===
{{main|Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia}}
[[File:Abkhazia genocide anniversary 2005.jpg|thumb|Exhibition at the 2005 commemoration of the ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia, held on its 12th anniversary in Tbilisi.]]
Before the [[War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)|1992 War]], Georgians made up nearly half of Abkhazia's population, while less than one-fifth of the population was [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]].<ref name=censuses2>{{cite journal |last1=Kolossov |first1=Vladimir |last2=O'Loughlin |first2=John |title=After the Wars in the South CaucasusState of Georgia: Economic Insecuritiesand Migration in the "De Facto" Statesof Abkhazia and South Ossetia |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |page=634 |doi=10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.631|s2cid=154652086 }}</ref> As the war progressed, confronted with hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, the Abkhaz separatists implemented the process of [[ethnic cleansing]] in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population in Abkhazia.<ref>The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27</ref><ref>US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120</ref> About 5,000 were killed, 400 went missing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gamakharia |first1=Jemal |title=INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY TO BRING A VERDICT ON THE TRAGEDY OF ABKHAZIA/GEORGIA |date=2015 |isbn=978-9941-461-12-5 |page=7 |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/117908/1/Genocidi.pdf |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> and up to 250,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/abkhazia-the-disputed-land-of-the-soul/|title=Abkhazia – the disputed land of the soul|date=20 August 1997}}</ref> According to [[International Crisis Group]], as of 2006 slightly over 200,000 Georgians remained displaced in Georgia proper.<ref name="Abkhazia Today">{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|title=Europe Report N°176: Abkhazia Today|publisher=Crisisgroup.org|date=15 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171833/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
The campaign of ethnic cleansing also included Russians, Armenians, Greeks, moderate Abkhaz and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, and historical monuments were pillaged and destroyed.<ref>Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, pp 12–13</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} Following the process of ethnic cleansing and mass expulsion, the population of Abkhazia has been reduced to 216,000, from 525,000 in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|title=World Review – Washington shames Moscow over 'occupied' Abkhazia|website=www.worldreview.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161044/http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
Of about 250,000 Georgian refugees, some 60,000 subsequently returned to Abkhazia's [[Gali District, Abkhazia|Gali District]] between 1994 and 1998, but tens of thousands were displaced again when fighting resumed in the Gali District in 1998. Nevertheless, between 40,000 and 60,000 refugees have returned to the Gali District since 1998, including persons commuting daily across the ceasefire line and those migrating seasonally in accordance with agricultural cycles.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf UN High Commissioner for refugees. Background note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Georgia remaining outside Georgia], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628110410/http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}</ref> The human rights situation remained precarious for a while in the Georgian-populated areas of the Gali District. The United Nations and other international organisations have been fruitlessly urging the Abkhaz ''de facto'' authorities "to refrain from adopting measures incompatible with the right to return and with international human rights standards, such as discriminatory legislation... [and] to cooperate in the establishment of a permanent international human rights office in Gali and to admit United Nations civilian police without further delay."<ref>{{cite report|last=Kälin|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Kälin|url=http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|title=Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons – Mission to Georgia (21 to 24 December 2005)|publisher=United Nations|date=24 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223084834/http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> Key officials of the Gali District are virtually all ethnic Abkhaz, though their support staff are ethnic Georgian.<ref name="Today">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 Abkhazia Today.] ''The [[International Crisis Group]] Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006'', page 10. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. ''Free registration needed to view full report'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510033711/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref>
===Pascaperang===
{{main|Georgian–Abkhaz conflict}}
[[File:Apsua Holding Apsny Flag.jpg|thumb|Abkhazia membawa bendera republik dalam parade.]]
Pemilihan presiden diadakan di Abkhazia pada [[3 Oktober]] [[2004]]. Rusia mendukung [[Raul Khajimba]], perdana menteri yang didukung oleh Presiden separatis yang sedang sakit [[Vladislav Ardzinba]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/abkhazia Abkhazia Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926035645/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/abkhazia |date=26 September 2015 }}, [[Freedom House]], 2013</ref> Poster Presiden Rusia [[Vladimir Putin]] bersama Khajimba, yang sama-sama pernah bekerja sebagai pejabat [[Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti|''KGB'']].<ref name=kkuzel62425>{{cite web|url=http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/62425|script-title=ru:Все – на выборы!|language=ru|first=Vitalii|last=Sharia|publisher=[[Caucasian Knot]]|date=2 October 2004|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016223526/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/62425|archive-date=16 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Deputi parlemen Rusia dan penyanyi Rusia, yang dipimpin oleh Joseph Cobsohn, wakil [[Duma Negara]] dan penyanyi populer, datang ke Abkhazia, berkampanye untuk Khajimba.<ref>[http://lenta.ru/lib/14159612/ Profile of Raul Khadjimba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926044700/http://lenta.ru/lib/14159612/ |date=26 September 2015 }}, Lenta.ru</ref>
Namun, Raul Khajimba kalah dalam pemilihan dari [[Sergei Bagapsh]]. Situasi tegang di republik menyebabkan pembatalan hasil pemilihan oleh [[Mahkamah Agung]]. Setelah itu, kesepakatan dibuat antara mantan saingan untuk mencalonkan diri bersama, dengan Bagapsh sebagai calon presiden dan Khajimba sebagai calon wakil presiden. Mereka menerima lebih dari 90% suara dalam pemilihan baru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kavkaz-uzel.ru/docstext/docs/id/755026.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140311050418/http://kavkaz-uzel.ru/docstext/docs/id/755026.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2014|title=Кавказский Узел – Протокол N 7 Центральной избирательной комиссии по выборам Президента Республики Абхазия от 14 января 2005 г.|work=Кавказский Узел}} </ref>
Pada [[Juli 2006]], pasukan Georgia melancarkan operasi polisi yang berhasil melawan administrator yang memberontak di Ngarai Kodori yang berpenduduk [[Georgia]], Emzar Kvitsiani. Kvitsiani telah ditunjuk oleh [[Daftar Presiden Georgia|presiden Georgia]] sebelumnya [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] dan menolak untuk mengakui wewenang presiden [[Mikheil Saakashvili]], yang menggantikan Shevardnadze setelah [[Revolusi Mawar]]. Meskipun Kvitsiani lolos dari penangkapan oleh polisi Georgia, Ngarai Kodori dibawa kembali di bawah kendali pemerintah pusat di [[Tbilisi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Official: Government Forces Control Most of Kodori Gorge |url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=13180 |website=civil.ge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008122517/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=13180|archive-date = 8 October 2007}}</ref>
Tindakan kekerasan ''sporadis'' berlanjut selama tahun-tahun pascaperang. Terlepas dari status penjaga perdamaian penjaga perdamaian Rusia di Abkhazia, Pejabat Georgia secara rutin mengklaim bahwa penjaga perdamaian Rusia menghasut kekerasan dengan memasok pemberontak Abkhaz dengan senjata dan dukungan keuangan.
Dukungan [[Rusia]] terhadap Abkhazia menjadi nyata ketika [[rubel Rusia]] menjadi mata uang ''[[de facto]]'' dan Rusia mulai mengeluarkan [[paspor]] kepada penduduk Abkhazia.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm|work=BBC.co.uk|title=Regions and territories: Abkhazia|date=15 December 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420194315/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3261059.stm|archive-date=20 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Georgia juga menuduh Rusia melanggar wilayah udaranya dengan mengirim helikopter untuk menyerang kota-kota yang dikuasai Georgia di Ngarai Kodori. Pada [[April 2008]], sebuah [[Mikoyan|''MiG'']] Rusia dilarang dari wilayah udara Georgia, termasuk Abkhazia yang bertujuan untuk menembak jatuh sebuah ''[[Pesawat nirawak|Pesawat Nirawak]]'' Georgia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2008/04/airforce_georgian_uav_042208/|title=Video shows Russian MiG downing Georgian UAV|publisher=Airforcetimes.com|date=23 April 2008|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090724175434/http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/2008/04/airforce_georgian_uav_042208/|archive-date=24 July 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfRHMbz2nuU|title=Russian Jet shoots Georgian UAV|publisher=Youtube|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506225131/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfRHMbz2nuU|archive-date=6 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Pitsunda.JPG|thumb|Tepi laut di Pitsunda, Abkhazia pada tahun [[2006]].]]
Pada [[9 Agustus]] [[2008]], pasukan Abkhazia menembaki pasukan Georgia di Ngarai Kodori. Ini bertepatan dengan [[perang Ossetia Selatan 2008]] di mana Rusia memutuskan untuk mendukung separatis [[Ossetia Selatan]] yang telah diserang Georgia.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8281990.stm|work=BBC News|title=Georgia 'started unjustified war'|date=30 September 2009|access-date=20 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420192452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8281990.stm|archive-date=20 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/287861,report-blames-georgia-for-starting-war-with-russia-newspapers.html|title=Report blames Georgia for starting war with Russia: newspapers|publisher=Earthtimes.org|date=30 September 2009|access-date=30 September 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905082212/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/287861,report-blames-georgia-for-starting-war-with-russia-newspapers.html|archive-date=5 September 2012}}</ref> Konflik meningkat menjadi perang skala penuh antara [[Rusia|Federasi Rusia]] dan Republik Georgia.
Pada [[10 Agustus]] [[2008]], diperkirakan 9.000 tentara Rusia memasuki Abkhazia seolah-olah untuk memperkuat pasukan penjaga perdamaian Rusia di republik tersebut. Sekitar 1.000 tentara Abkhazia bergerak untuk mengusir sisa pasukan Georgia di Abkhazia di Ngarai Kodori Atas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKLA46909520080810|title=Russia in operation to storm Abkhazia gorge|place=[[United Kingdom|UK]]|work=Reuters|date=10 August 2008|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112004345/http://uk.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUKLA46909520080810|archive-date=12 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada [[12 Agustus]] pasukan Georgia dan warga sipil telah mengevakuasi bagian terakhir Abkhazia di bawah kendali pemerintah Georgia. Rusia mengakui kemerdekaan Abkhazia pada [[26 Agustus]] [[2008]].<ref>{{Citation | url = https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5576812 | title = Russia: Georgia can 'forget' regaining provinces | newspaper = ABC News | publisher = The Associated Press | first1 = David | last1 = Nowak | first2 = Christopher | last2 = Torchia | date = 14 August 2008 | access-date = 20 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080913011219/http://www.abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=5576812 | archive-date = 13 September 2008 | url-status = live}}.</ref>
Ini diikuti oleh pembatalan perjanjian [[gencatan senjata]] [[1994]] dan penghentian [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|misi pemantauan PBB]] dan ''[[Organisasi untuk Keamanan dan Kerja Sama di Eropa|OSCE]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia recognises Georgia's breakaway republics −2|location=Moscow|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=26 August 2008|url=http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080826/116291407.html|access-date=9 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908154409/http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080826/116291407.html|archive-date=8 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav063009.shtml|title=Georgia: OSCE Terminates Its 17-Year Georgian Mission|publisher=Eurasianet|author=Jean-Christophe Peuch|date=29 June 2009|access-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318104502/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav063009.shtml|archive-date=18 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pada tanggal [[28 Agustus]] [[2008]], [[Parlemen Georgia]] mengeluarkan resolusi yang menyatakan Abkhazia sebagai [[wilayah yang diduduki Rusia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=98&info_id=20047|title=Resolution of the Parliament of Georgia declaring Abkhazia and South Ossetia occupied territories|publisher=[[Parliament of Georgia]]|date=29 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903224516/http://www.parliament.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=98&info_id=20047|archive-date=3 September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330|title=Abkhazia, S.Ossetia Formally Declared Occupied Territory|website=Civil.Ge|location=Tbilisi|date=28 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903230132/http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19330|archive-date=3 September 2008}}</ref>
Sejak kemerdekaan diakui oleh Rusia, serangkaian perjanjian kontroversial dibuat antara pemerintah Abkhazia dan [[Rusia|Federasi Rusia]] yang menyewakan atau menjual sejumlah aset utama negara. Pada [[Mei 2009]] beberapa partai oposisi dan kelompok veteran perang memprotes kesepakatan ini dengan mengeluh bahwa kesepakatan tersebut merusak kedaulatan negara dan berisiko menukar satu kekuatan kolonial (Georgia) dengan satu kekuatan kolonial.<ref name="rfe">{{cite news|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Abkhaz_Leadership_Opposition_Exchange_Accusations/1738893.html|title=Abkhaz Leadership, Opposition Exchange Accusations|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]|newspaper=Caucasus Report|date=24 May 2009|access-date=6 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531105105/http://www.rferl.org/content/Abkhaz_Leadership_Opposition_Exchange_Accusations/1738893.html|archive-date=31 May 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
Wakil presiden, Raul Khajimba, mengundurkan diri pada [[28 Mei]] dengan mengatakan dia setuju dengan kritik yang dibuat oposisi.<ref name="apress0528">{{cite news|url=http://www.apsnypress.info/news2009/May/28.htm|script-title=ru:Вице-Президент Рауль Хаджимба Ушел в Отставку|trans-title=Vice-President Raul Khajimba has resigned|date=28 May 2009|publisher=[[Apsnypress]]|language=ru|access-date=29 May 2009}} {{dead link|date=October 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Selanjutnya, sebuah konferensi partai-partai oposisi menominasikan Raul Khajimba sebagai kandidat mereka dalam pemilihan presiden Abkhazia bulan [[Desember 2009]] yang dimenangkan oleh [[Sergei Bagapsh]].
==== Perkembangan politik sejak 2014 ====
Pada musim semi [[2014]], oposisi mengajukan ultimatum kepada Presiden Aleksandr Ankvab untuk membubarkan pemerintah dan melakukan reformasi radikal.<ref name="khadzhimba">{{cite interview|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27607559|last=Cecire|first=Michael H.|interviewer=[[BBC News]]|title=Analysis: Unrest in Abkhazia|publisher=BBC.com|date=28 May 2014|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211185304/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27607559|archive-date=11 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada [[27 Mei]] [[2014]], di pusat [[Sukhum]], 10.000 pendukung oposisi Abkhaz berkumpul untuk [[Unjuk rasa|demonstrasi massa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gordonua.com/news/worldnews/glava-abhazii-otpravil-v-otstavku-pravitelstvo-posle-popytki-shturma-oppoziciey-administracii-prezidenta-24617.html|script-title=ru:Глава Абхазии отправил в отставку правительство после попытки штурма оппозицией администрации президента|trans-title=The head of Abkhazia sacked the government after near assaults by the presidential administration's opposition|language=ru|date=27 May 2014|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310171218/http://gordonua.com/news/worldnews/glava-abhazii-otpravil-v-otstavku-pravitelstvo-posle-popytki-shturma-oppoziciey-administracii-prezidenta-24617.html|archive-date=10 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Pada hari yang sama, markas besar Ankvab di Sukhum diserbu oleh kelompok-kelompok [[Oposisi (politik)|oposisi]] yang dipimpin oleh Raul Khajimba, memaksanya melarikan diri ke [[Gudauta]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Georgia Abkhazia: Leader 'flees' protesters in Sukhumi|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27600919|access-date=28 May 2014|date=28 May 2014|agency=[[BBC News]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529122555/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27600919|archive-date=29 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
Oposisi mengklaim bahwa protes dipicu oleh kemiskinan, tetapi poin utama pertentangan adalah kebijakan [[Liberalisme|liberal]] Presiden Ankvab terhadap etnis Georgia di wilayah [[Gali]]. Oposisi mengatakan kebijakan ini dapat membahayakan identitas [[Bangsa Abkhaz|etnis Abkhaz]].
Pada [[November 2014]], [[Vladimir Putin]] meresmikan hubungan militer Abkhazia sebagai bagian dari [[Angkatan Bersenjata Rusia|angkatan bersenjata Rusia]], menandatangani perjanjian dengan Khajimba.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30071915|title=Georgians protest against Russia-Abkhazia agreement|last=Dahlstrom|first=Katie|date=15 November 2014|website=BBC.com|access-date=15 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115231644/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30071915|archive-date=15 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/24239f90-73e8-11e4-82a6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3OO6EwaPi|newspaper=Financial Times|title=Vladimir Putin signs treaty with Abkhazia and puts Tbilisi on edge|date=24 November 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|first=Jack|last=Farchy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230131736/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/24239f90-73e8-11e4-82a6-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3OO6EwaPi|archive-date=30 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Pemerintah Georgia mengecam perjanjian itu sebagai "langkah menuju [[aneksasi]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-georgia-abkhazia-idUSKCN0J81KI20141124|work=Reuters|title=Putin strengthens ties with Georgia breakaway region; Tbilisi protests|date=24 November 2014|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109231235/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/24/us-russia-georgia-abkhazia-idUSKCN0J81KI20141124|archive-date=9 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
Pada [[Desember 2021]], terjadi kerusuhan di wilayah itu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opposition Protests In Georgia's Breakaway Abkhazia Turn Violent|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-abkhazia-opposition-protests/31620013.html|access-date=2021-12-22|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en}}</ref>
== Demografi ==
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