|
Penulis klasik menggambarkan berbagai orang yang tinggal di wilayah tersebut dan banyak sekali bahasa yang mereka gunakan.<ref>Graham Smith, Edward A. Allworth, Vivien A. Law et al., pages 56–58; ''Abkhaz'' by [[W. Barthold]] [[V. Minorsky]] in the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]].</ref> [[Arrianos|Arrian]], [[Plinius Tua|Pliny]], dan [[Strabo]] telah memberikan laporan tentang masyarakat Abasgoi dan [[Moschiano|Moschoi]] di suatu tempat di Abkhazia modern di pantai timur [[Laut Hitam]]. Wilayah ini kemudian diserap pada 63 SM ke dalam Kerajaan Lazika.<ref>{{Citation | first = David | last = Braund | title = Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC – AD 562 | publisher = Oxford University Press | place = USA | date = 8 September 1994 | page = 27}}.</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Gregory | first = Timothy E | title = A History of Byzantium | year = 2005 | page = 78 | isbn = 978-0-631-23512-5}}.</ref>
=== Di dalam Kekaisaran Romawi/Bizantium ===
[[Kekaisaran Romawi]] menaklukkan Lazika pada abad ke-1 Masehi; namun, [[Romawi Kuno|orang-orang Romawi]] hanya memiliki sedikit kendali atas pedalaman Abkhazia. Menurut [[Arrianos|Arrian]], orang-orang Abasgoi dan Apsilae adalah subjek Romawi nominal, dan ada pos Romawi kecil di Dioscurias.<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Charles |author1-link=Charles King (professor of international affairs) |title=The Black Sea. A history. |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-924161-3 |chapter=The Expedition of Flavius Arrianus}}</ref> Setelah abad ke-4 Lazika mendapatkan kembali kemerdekaannya, tetapi tetap berada dalam lingkup pengaruh [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur|Kekaisaran Bizantium]]. Anacopia adalah ibu kota kerajaan.
[[Perang Rusia-Turki]] berikutnya sangat meningkatkan posisi Rusia, yang mengarah ke perpecahan lebih lanjut di elit [[Bangsa Abkhaz|Abkhaz]], terutama di sepanjang divisi agama. Selama [[Perang Krimea|Perang Krimea (1853–1856)]], pasukan Rusia harus mengevakuasi Abkhazia dan [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly|Pangeran Michael]] (1822–1864) tampaknya beralih ke Ottoman.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |page=81}}</ref>
Belakangan, kehadiran Rusia diperkuat dan dataran tinggi [[Orang kulit putihKaukasus|Kaukasia Barat]] akhirnya ditaklukkan oleh Rusia pada tahun [[1864]]. Otonomi Abkhazia, yang berfungsi sebagai zona penyangga pro-Rusia di wilayah yang bermasalah ini, tidak lagi diperlukan oleh pemerintah Tsar dan kekuasaan Shervashidze berakhir; pada [[November]] [[1864]], Pangeran Michael terpaksa melepaskan haknya dan bermukim kembali di [[Voronezh]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=George |title=The Abkhazians. A Handbook |date=1998 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=9780312219758 |pages=81–82}}</ref>
Belakangan ini juga pada tahun yang sama, Abkhazia dimasukkan ke dalam [[Kekaisaran Rusia]] sebagai provinsi militer khusus<ref name="EB" /> Sukhum-Kale yang pada tahun [[1883]] diubah menjadi ''[[okrug]]'' sebagai bagian dari [[Kegubernuran Kutais]]. Sejumlah besar Muslim Abkhazia, dikatakan telah membentuk sebanyak 40% dari populasi Abkhazia, beremigrasi ke [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Kekaisaran Ottoman]] antara tahun [[1864]] dan [[1878]], bersama dengan populasi Muslim Kaukasus lainnya, sebuah proses yang dikenal sebagai ''[[Kaum Muhajirin|Muhajirin]]''.
Sebagian besar wilayah tersebut tidak berpenghuni dan banyak [[Bangsa Armenia|orang Armenia]], [[Orang Georgia|Georgia]], [[Bangsa Rusia|Rusia]], dan lainnya kemudian bermigrasi ke Abkhazia, memukimkan kembali sebagian besar wilayah yang dikosongkan.<ref>{{cite book |title= E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913–1936|last= Houtsma|first= M. Th.|author2= E. van Donzel|year= 1993|publisher= BRILL|isbn= 978-90-04-09796-4|page= 71|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&q=Abkhazia+history+19th+century&pg=PA70}}</ref> Beberapa [[sejarawan]] Georgia menyatakan bahwa suku-suku Georgia (Svans dan Mingrelians) telah menghuni Abkhazia sejak zaman [[Kolkhis|kerajaan Kolkhis]].<ref name="Lortkipanidze">Lortkipanidze M., ''The Abkhazians and Abkhazia'', Tbilisi 1990.</ref>
Dengan keputusan resmi dari otoritas Rusia, penduduk Abkhazia dan Samurzakano harus belajar dan berdoa dalam [[bahasa Rusia]]. Setelah deportasi massal tahun [[1878]], [[Bangsa Abkhaz|orang Abkhaz]] menjadi minoritas, secara resmi dicap sebagai orang yang bersalah, dan tidak memiliki pemimpin yang mampu melakukan perlawanan serius terhadap [[Rusifikasirusifikasi]].<ref name="Tsarism">{{cite web|url=http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__5160/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx|title=Some of the issues of Russian imperial language policy in Abkhazia and its results (part II)|publisher=Experts' Club|date=28 July 2010|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221182737/http://eng.expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__5160/alias__Expertclub/lang__en/tabid__2546/default.aspx|archive-date=21 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Pendaki gunung [[Inggris]] Douglas Freshfield (yang memimpin ekspedisi ke [[Kaukasus]] dan yang pertama mendaki [[Gunung Kazbek|Kazbek]]) menggambarkan wilayah Abkhazia yang [[gundul]] dalam bab ''The Solitude of Abkhazia'' di buku ''The Exploration of the Caucasus'' yang diterbitkan pada tahun [[1892]].
Pada tanggal [[17 Maret]] [[1898]], kepala departemen ''[[Dekrit Sinode|sinode]]'' [[Gereja Ortodoks Rusia]], Georgia Imereti, atas perintah 2771, sekali lagi melarang pengajaran dan pelaksanaan ibadah di sekolah-sekolah gereja dan gereja-gereja di [[Sukhum|distrik Sukhum]]. Protes massal oleh penduduk Georgia di Abkhazia dan Samurzakano menyusul, yang beritanya sampai ke [[Daftar Kepala Monarki Rusia|kaisar Rusia]].
Pada tanggal [[3 September]] [[1898]] ''[[Dekrit Sinode|Sinode Suci]]'' mengeluarkan perintah 4880 yang menetapkan bahwa [[Paroki|paroki-paroki]] di mana kongregasinya adalah orang-orang Mingrelian, yaitu [[Orang Georgia|orang-orang Georgia]], menyelenggarakan layanan gereja dan pendidikan gereja dalam [[bahasa Georgia]], sementara paroki-paroki Abkhazia menggunakan [[Bahasa Slavia Timur Kuno|bahasa SlraviaSlavia kuno]].
Di distrik Sukhum, tarekati ini dilaksanakan hanya di tiga dari 42 paroki.<ref name="Tsarism" /> Tedo Sakhokia menuntut pihak berwenang Rusia untuk memperkenalkan [[bahasa Abkhaz]] dan [[Bahasa Georgia|Georgia]] dalam kebaktian dan pendidikan gereja. Tanggapan resmi adalah kasus pidana yang diajukan terhadap Tedo Sakhokia dan para pemimpin "''Partai Georgia''" yang aktif di Abkhazia.<ref name="Tsarism" />
===Di dalam Uni Soviet===
[[File:Soviet Caucasus map.svg|left|thumb|Peta [[Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Transkaukasia|RSS Transkaukasia]] (1957–1991) menunjukkan RSS Abkhazia di dalam [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Georgia|RSS Georgia]].]]
[[Revolusi Oktober|Revolusi Rusia tahun 1917]] menyebabkan terciptanya Georgia yang merdeka pada tahun [[1918]].<ref name="EB" /> Abkhazia tetap menjadi bagian dari Georgia setelah [[pemberontakan petani]] yang didukung oleh [[Bolshevik]] dan ekspedisi Turki dikalahkan pada tahun [[1918]] dan [[Parlemen Georgia|konstitusi Georgia]] tahun 1921 memberikan otonomi kepada Abkhazia.
The [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] led to the creation of an [[Democratic Republic of Georgia|independent Georgia]] in 1918.<ref name="EB" /> Abkhazia remained part of Georgia after a peasant revolt supported by [[Bolshevik]]s and a Turkish expedition were defeated in 1918 and the [[Constitution_of_Georgia_(country)#Early_constitutional_history|1921 Georgian constitution]] granted Abkhazia autonomy.
InPada tahun [[1921]], the[[Tentara Merah]] [[Bolshevik]] Redmenginvasi ArmyGeorgia invadeddan Georgiamengakhiri andkemerdekaannya endedyang itsberumur short-lived independencependek. Abkhazia wasdijadikan made[[Republik a SocialistSosialis Soviet Republic ([[SSRAbkhazia|RSS Abkhazia]]) with the ambiguousdengan status ofambigu adari ''treatyrepublik republic''perjanjian associatedyang withterkait thedengan [[GeorgianRepublik SSRSosialis Soviet Georgia|RSS Georgia]].<ref name="EB" /><ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://abkhazia.narod.ru/constitution1.htm|date=1 April 1925|script-title=ru:Из конституции Социалистической Советской Республики Абхазии|trans-title=From the Constitution of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Abkhazia|language=ru|at=Article 3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021114093915/http://abkhazia.narod.ru/constitution1.htm|archive-date=14 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | last = Neproshin | first = A. Ju. | trans-title = Abkhazia. Problems of international recognition | url = http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article-c165f1f9be6ab370d75a0b3d2af71a59.html | script-title = ru:Абхазия. Проблемы международного признания | publisher = [[MGIMO]] | date = 16–17 May 2006 | language = ru | access-date = 2 September 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080903112328/http://www.abkhaziya.org/server-articles/article-c165f1f9be6ab370d75a0b3d2af71a59.html | archive-date = 3 September 2008 | url-status = live}}.</ref> InPada tahun [[1931]], [[JosephJosef Stalin]] mademenjadikannya itsebuah anrepublik autonomous republicotonom ([[AbkhazRepublik AutonomousSosialis Soviet SocialistOtonom Republic]]Abkhaz|RSS or in shortOtonom Abkhaz ASSR]]) withindi thedalam [[GeorgianRepublik Sosialis Soviet Socialist RepublicGeorgia|GeorgianRSS SSRGeorgia]].
DespiteTerlepas itsdari nominalotonomi autonomynominalnya, itia wastunduk subjectedpada topemerintahan stronglangsung directyang rulekuat fromdari centralotoritas Soviet authoritiespusat. UnderDi thebawah rulepemerintahan of[[Josef Stalin|Stalin]] anddan [[Lavrenti Beria|Beria]], Abkhazsekolah schoolsdi wereAbkhazia closedditutup, requiringdan Abkhazmengharuskan childrenanak-anak toAbkhazia studyuntuk inbelajar thedalam Georgian[[bahasa languageGeorgia]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|year= 1999|publisher= Europa Publications Limited|location= London|isbn = 978-1-85743-058-5 |page= 363}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Abkhazians: a handbook|last= Hewitt|first= George|year= 1999|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-312-21975-8|page= [https://archive.org/details/abkhazianshandbo00geor/page/96 96]|url= https://archive.org/details/abkhazianshandbo00geor/page/96}}</ref><ref name="jrl" /> ThePenerbitan publishingmateri ofdalam materials[[bahasa inAbkhaz]] Abkhazianmenyusut dwindleddan andakhirnya wasdihentikan eventuallysama stopped altogethersekali; Abkhaziansekolah-sekolah schoolsAbkhazia wereditutup closedpada intahun [[1945]]/[[1946|46]].<ref>{{Citation | first = George | last = Hewitt | title = Abkhaz – A Comprehensive Self-Tutor | page = 17}}.</ref>
In theDalam [[Great PurgeTerorisme|terrorteror]] oftahun 1937–38[[1937]]–[[1938]], theelit rulingpenguasa elitedisingkirkan wasdari purgedAbkhazia ofdan Abkhazpada and bytahun [[1952]] overlebih dari 80% of thedari 228 toppejabat partytinggi andpartai governmentdan officialspemerintah andserta enterprisemanajer managersperusahaan wereadalah ethnic[[Orang GeorgiansGeorgia|etnis Georgia]]; thereakan remainedtetapi masih ada 34 orang [[Bangsa Abkhaz|etnis Abkhaz]], 7 Russiansorang and[[Bangsa Rusia|etnis Rusia]], dan 3 Armeniansorang in[[Bangsa theseArmenia|etnis positionsArmenia]] di posisi ini.<ref>[http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield The Stalin-Beria Terror in Abkhazia, 1936–1953, by Stephen D. Shenfield] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910100322/http://abkhazworld.com/aw/history/499-stalin-beria-terror-in-abkhazia-1936-53-by-stephen-shenfield |date=10 September 2015 }} ''Abkhaz World'', 30 June 2010, retrieved 11 September 2015.</ref> Pemimpin [[CommunistPartai Party ofKomunis Georgia (SovietUni UnionSoviet)|GeorgianPartai CommunistKomunis PartyGeorgia]] leader [[Candide Charkviani]] supported themendukung GeorgianizationGeorgianisasi ofwilayah Abkhazia.<ref>Bernard A. Cook (2014). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124224128/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT46 |date=24 January 2016 }}''". Routledge. p.2. {{ISBN|1135179328}}</ref>
TheKebijakan policyrepresi ofdilonggarkan repressionsetelah was eased after[[Josef Stalin's|kematian deathStalin]]<ref name="BBC"/> anddan [[Hukuman mati|eksekusi]] [[Lavrenti Beria's execution|Beria]], and the[[bahasa Abkhaz]] werediberi givenperan ayang greaterlebih rolebesar indalam the governance of thepemerintahan republicrepublik.<ref name="BBC"/> AsSeperti indi mostsebagian ofbesar therepublik smallerotonom autonomousyang republicslebih kecil, thepemerintah [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]] governmentmendorong encouragedpengembangan thebudaya developmentdan of culture and particularly ofkhususnya literaturesastra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saparov |first1=Arsène |title=From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the Making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317637844 |page=150}}</ref> The[[Republik AbkhazianSosialis ASSRSoviet wasOtonom theAbkhaz|RSS onlyOtonom autonomousAbkhaz]] republicadalah insatu-satunya therepublik USSRotonom indi whichUni theSoviet languagedi ofmana thebahasa titular[[Tituler|negara nationtituler]], (indalam thathal caseini Abkhazian)[[bahasa wasAbkhaz]] confirmeddikukuhkan indalam itskonstitusinya constitutionsebagai as one ofsalah itssatu officialbahasa languagesresminya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm|script-title=ru:ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ: Государственной комиссии Грузии по установлению фактов политики этнической чистки – геноцида, проводимой в отношении грузинского населения Абхазии, Грузия, и передачи материалов в Международный трибунал|trans-title=CONCLUSION: State Commission of Georgia on established facts of the politics of ethnic cleansing – genocide carried out against the Georgian population of Abkhazia, Georgia, and the transfer of materials to the International Tribunal|language=ru|publisher=geocities.com|date=February 1997|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027111846/http://geocities.com/abkhazia_dream/public/19.htm|archive-date=27 October 2009}}</ref>
===Pasca kekuasaan Georgia Pasca-Soviet===
===Soviet===
As theKetika [[Uni Soviet Union]] beganmulai tohancur disintegratepada atakhir the end of the 1980s[[1980]]-an, ethnicketegangan tensionsetnis grewtumbuh betweenantara the[[Bangsa Abkhaz|Abkhaz]] anddan Georgians over[[Orang Georgia's|Georgia]] movesatas towardsgerakan independenceGeorgia menuju kemerdekaan. ManyBanyak orang Abkhaz opposedmenentang thishal ini, fearingkhawatir that an independentbahwa [[Georgia]] wouldyang leadmerdeka toakan themenyebabkan eliminationpenghapusan ofotonomi their autonomymereka, anddan arguedsebaliknya insteadberpendapat foruntuk thepembentukan establishmentAbkhazia ofsebagai Abkhazia[[Republik asSoviet a(sistem separatepemerintahan)|republik Soviet]] republicyang interpisah itsdengan ownhaknya rightsendiri. With the onset of [[perestroika]], the agenda ofnasionalis Abkhaz nationalists becamemenjadi morelebih radicalradikal anddan exclusiveeksklusif.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|title=Conflict Resolution and Status : the Case of Georgia and Abkhazia (1989–2008).|last=Céline.|first=Francis|date=2011|publisher=ASP|isbn=9789054878995|location=Bruxelles|oclc=922966407}}</ref>
Pada tahun [[1988]] mereka mulai meminta pemulihan status mantan [[Republik Sosialis Soviet Abkhazia|RSS Abkhazia]], karena penyerahan Abkhazia ke republik persatuan lain tidak dianggap memberikan jaminan yang cukup untuk perkembangan mereka.<ref name="auto" /> Mereka membenarkan permintaan mereka dengan mengacu pada ''[[tradisi]]'' [[Leninisme|''Leninis'']] tentang hak bangsa-bangsa untuk menentukan nasib sendiri, yang, menurut mereka, dilanggar ketika kedaulatan Abkhazia dibatasi pada tahun [[1931]]. Pada bulan [[Juni]] [[1988]], sebuah ''[[manifesto]]'' yang membela kekhasan Abkhazia (dikenal sebagai Surat Abkhazia) dikirim kepada pemimpin [[Uni Soviet|Soviet]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].
In 1988 they began to ask for the reinstatement of Abkhazia's former status of Union republic, as the submission of Abkhazia to another Union republic was not considered to give enough guarantees of their development.<ref name="auto" /> They justified their request by referring to the Leninist tradition of the right of nations to self-determination, which, they asserted, was violated when Abkhazia's sovereignty was curtailed in 1931.<ref name="auto" /> In June 1988, a manifesto defending Abkhaz distinctiveness (known as the [[Abkhaz Letter]]) was sent to Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]].
Perselisihan Georgia–Abkhaz berubah menjadi kekerasan pada [[16 Juli]] [[1989]] di [[Sukhum]]. Banyak [[orang Georgia]] terbunuh atau terluka ketika mereka mencoba mendaftar di universitas Georgia alih-alih universitas Abkhaz. Setelah beberapa hari kekerasan, pasukan Soviet memulihkan ketertiban di kota.
The Georgian–Abkhaz [[1989 Sukhumi riots|dispute turned violent]] on 16 July 1989 in Sukhumi. Numerous Georgians were killed or injured when they tried to enrol in a Georgian university instead of an Abkhaz one. After several days of violence, Soviet troops restored order in the city.
InPada Marchbulan [[Maret]] [[1990]], [[Georgia]] declaredmendeklarasikan sovereigntykedaulatan, unilaterallysecara nullifyingsepihak treatiesmembatalkan concludedperjanjian byyang thedibuat oleh [[Pemerintah Uni Soviet|pemerintah governmentSoviet]] sincesejak [[1921]] anddan therebydengan movingdemikian closersemakin tomendekati independencekemerdekaan. The Republic ofRepublik Georgia boycotted[[Boikot|memboikot]] thereferendum 17seluruh Marchserikat 1991pada [[199117 SovietMaret]] Union referendum|all-Union referendum[[1991]] ontentang thepembaruan renewal of the[[Uni Soviet]] Unionyang calleddiadakan byoleh [[Mikhail Gorbachev|Gorbachev]]; howevernamun, 52.,3% ofdari Abkhazia'spopulasi populationAbkhazia (almosthampir allsemua of the ethnicetnis non-Georgian populationGeorgia) took partmengambil inbagian thedalam referendum anddan voteddipilih byoleh an overwhelming majoritymayoritas (98.,6%) to preserveuntuk themempertahankan Unionpersatuan.<ref>Conciliation Resources. [http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php Georgia-Abkhazia, Chronology] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061007200548/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/georgia-abkhazia/chronology.php |date=7 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>Парламентская газета (''Parlamentskaya Gazeta''). [http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html Референдум о сохранении СССР. Грузия строит демократию на беззаконии.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082832/http://www.pnp.ru/archive/18870125.html |date=28 September 2007 }} Георгий Николаев, 17 March 2006 {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
MostSebagian ethnicbesar etnis non-GeorgiansGeorgia indi Abkhazia later boycotted a 31 Marchkemudian [[1991 Georgian independenceBoikot|memboikot]] referendum|referendum on[[31 Georgia's independenceMaret]], whichtentang waskemerdekaan supportedGeorgia, byyang adidukung hugeoleh majoritysebagian ofbesar Georgia'spenduduk populationGeorgia. WithinDalam weeksbeberapa minggu, Georgia declaredmendeklarasikan independencekemerdekaan onpada [[9 April]] [[1991]], underdi formerbawah Sovietmantan dissidentpembangkang Soviet [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]]. UnderDi bawah Gamsakhurdia, the situation wassituasi relativelyrelatif calmtenang indi Abkhazia anddan akesepakatan power-sharingpembagian agreementkekuasaan wassegera soondicapai reachedantara between[[faksi]] the Abkhaz andAbkhazia Georgiandan factionsGeorgia, granting to thememberikan Abkhaz asuatu certainperwakilan over-representationberlebihan intertentu thedi local[[Lembaga legislatif|legislatif]] legislaturelokal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Georgia: Abkhazia and South Ossetia |url=https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/274 |website=www.pesd.princeton.edu |publisher=Encyclopedia Princetoniensis |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804112845/https://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node%2F274 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Coppieters, Bruno ''et al.''(2005), ''Statehood and security: Georgia after the Rose Revolution'', p. 384. American Academy of Arts and Sciences, {{ISBN|978-0-262-03343-5}}</ref>
Aturan Gamsakhurdia segera ditentang oleh kelompok [[Senjata|oposisi bersenjata]], di bawah komando Tengiz Kitovani, yang memaksanya meninggalkan negara itu dalam kudeta militer pada [[Januari]] [[1992]]. Mantan [[menteri luar negeri]] Soviet dan arsitek disintegrasi [[Uni Soviet]] [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] menjadi [[Kepala negara|kepala negara-negara]], mewarisi pemerintahan yang didominasi oleh garis keras nasionalis Georgia.
Gamsakhurdia's rule was soon challenged by armed opposition groups, under the command of [[Tengiz Kitovani]], that forced him to flee the country in a military coup in January 1992. Former Soviet foreign minister and architect of the disintegration of the USSR [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] became the country's head of state, inheriting a government dominated by hard-line Georgian nationalists.{{cn|date=August 2021}}
OnPada tanggal [[21 FebruaryFebruari]] [[1992]], Georgia'sdewan rulingmiliter militaryyang councilberkuasa announceddi thatGeorgia itmengumumkan wasbahwa abolishingmereka themenghapus [[konstitusi]] Soviet-era constitutionSoviet anddan restoringmemulihkan the[[Parlemen 1921Georgia|Konstitusi ConstitutionRepublik ofDemokratik theGeorgia]] tahun [[Democratic Republic of Georgia1921]]. ManyBanyak warga Abkhaz interpretedmenafsirkan thisini assebagai anpenghapusan abolitionstatus ofotonomi their autonomous statusmereka, althoughmeskipun the[[1921|konstitusi 1921]] constitutionmemuat containedketentuan atentang provision[[Daerah forotonom|otonomi the region's autonomydaerah]].<ref>[http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en 1921 Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161919/http://www.rrc.ge/law/konstG_1921_02_21_e.htm?lawid=108&lng_3=en |date=23 May 2011 }}: Chapter XI, Articles 107–108 (adopted by the [[Constituent Assembly of Georgia]] 21 February 1921): "Abkhasie (district of Soukhoum), ..., which are integral parts of the Georgian Republic, enjoy autonomy in the administration of their affairs. The statute concerning the autonomy of [these] districts ... will be the object of special legislation". Regional Research Centre. Retrieved on 25 November 2008.</ref>
Pada tanggal [[23 Juli]] [[1992]], [[faksi]] Abkhaz di [[Mahkamah Agung|Dewan Tertinggi]] republik itu mendeklarasikan kemerdekaan efektif dari Georgia, meskipun sesi itu diboikot oleh deputi [[Orang Georgia|etnis Georgia]] dan gerakan itu tidak diakui oleh [[Negara berdaulat|negara lain]] mana pun. Kepemimpinan Abkhaz meluncurkan [[Kampanye politik|kampanye]] pengusiran pejabat Georgia dari kantor mereka, sebuah proses yang disertai dengan kekerasan.
On 23 July 1992, the Abkhaz faction in the republic's Supreme Council declared effective independence from Georgia, although the session was boycotted by ethnic Georgian deputies and the gesture went unrecognised by any other country. The Abkhaz leadership launched a campaign of ousting Georgian officials from their offices, a process which was accompanied by violence.
InSementara the meantimeitu, thepemimpin Abkhaz leader [[Vladislav Ardzinba]] intensifiedmengintensifkan hishubungannya tiesdengan withpolitisi hard-linegaris Russiankeras politicians and military elite[[Rusia]] anddan declaredelit hemiliter wasdan readymenyatakan fordia asiap warberperang withdengan Georgia.<ref name="Svante">[[Svante Cornell|Svante E. Cornell]] (2001), Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pp. 345–9. Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1162-8}}.</ref>
=== Perang di Abkhazia ===
[[File:1993 Georgia war1.svg|thumb|[[Perang Saudara Georgia]] dan [[Perang di Abkhazia (1992–1993)|Perang di Abkhazia]] pada Agustus–Oktober[[Agustus]]–[[Oktober]] [[1993]]]]
Pada [[Agustus]] [[1992]], pemerintah Georgia menuduh para pendukung Gamsakhurdia menculik [[Kementerian Dalam Negeri|Menteri Dalam Negeri Georgia]] dan menahannya di Abkhazia. Pemerintah Georgia mengirim 3.000 tentara ke wilayah tersebut, seolah-olah untuk memulihkan ketertiban.
In August 1992, the Georgian government accused Gamsakhurdia's supporters of kidnapping Georgia's Interior Minister and holding him captive in Abkhazia. The Georgian government dispatched 3,000 soldiers to the region, ostensibly to restore order.
The Abkhaz wererelatif relativelytidak unarmedbersenjata atpada thesaat timeitu anddan thepasukan GeorgianGeorgia troopsmampu wereberbaris ableke to march into[[Sukhum]] Sukhumidengan withperlawanan relativelyyang littlerelatif resistancekecil<ref name="mirsky1" /> and subsequentlydan engagedkemudian interlibat ethnicallydalam based pillagepenjarahan, lootingpenjarahan, assaultpenyerangan, anddan pembunuhan berbasis murderetnis.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/georgia953.pdf Full Report by Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Georgia/Abkhazia. Violations of the laws of war and Russia's role in the conflict] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119070959/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/georgia/georgia953.pdf |date=19 November 2015 }} Helsinki, March 1995. p. 22</ref> TheUnit-unit Abkhaz unitsterpaksa weremundur forced to retreat toke [[Gudauta]] anddan [[Tkvarcheli]].{{cn|date=August 2021}}
Kekalahan militer Abkhaz ditanggapi dengan sikap bermusuhan oleh [[Kaukasus|Konfederasi Penduduk Pegunungan Kaukasus]], kelompok payung yang menyatukan sejumlah gerakan di [[Kaukasus Utara]], termasuk elemen [[Sirkasia]], Abazin, [[Chechnya]], [[Bangsa Kazaki|Cossack]], [[Ossetia Selatan|Ossetia]] dan ratusan paramiliter sukarelawan dan tentara bayaran dari [[Rusia]], termasuk yang saat itu kurang dikenal [[Shamil Basayev]], kemudian menjadi pemimpin separatis [[Chechnya]] anti-[[Moskwa]].
The Abkhaz military defeat was met with a hostile response by the self-styled [[Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus]], an [[umbrella group]] uniting a number of movements in the [[North Caucasus]], including elements of [[Circassians]], [[Abaza people|Abazins]], [[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Cossacks]], [[Ossetians]] and hundreds of volunteer paramilitaries and mercenaries from Russia, including the then-little-known [[Shamil Basayev]], later a leader of the anti-Moscow Chechen secessionists.
TheyMereka sidedmemihak with theseparatis Abkhaz separatistsuntuk tomelawan fightpemerintah against the Georgian governmentGeorgia. InDalam the case ofkasus Basayev, ittelah hasdisarankan beenbahwa suggestedketika thatdia whendan heanggota and[[Batalyon|batalyonnya]] thedatang members of his battalion came toke Abkhazia, theymereka receivedmenerima trainingpelatihan byoleh the[[Angkatan RussianDarat ArmyRusia]] (thoughmeskipun othersyang disputelain thismembantahnya), presentingmenyajikan anotherkemungkinan possiblemotif motivelain.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Chechen's Story: From Unrivaled Guerrilla Leader to the Terror of Russia |date=15 September 2004 |access-date=6 April 2011 |author=C.J.Shivers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/international/europe/15chechen.html?pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528054255/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/15/international/europe/15chechen.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=28 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> InPada bulan September, theparamiliter Abkhaz anddan North[[Kaukasus CaucasianUtara]] paramilitariesmelancarkan mountedserangan abesar-besaran majorterhadap [[Battle of Gagra|offensive against Gagra]] aftersetelah breakingmelanggar a[[gencatan cease-firesenjata]], whichyang drovemendorong thepasukan GeorgianGeorgia forceskeluar outdari ofsebagian large swathes of thebesar republicrepublik.
Pemerintah Shevardnadze menuduh Rusia memberikan dukungan militer rahasia kepada pemberontak dengan tujuan memisahkan dari Georgia wilayah asalnya dan tanah perbatasan [[Georgia]]-[[Rusia]]. Pada tahun [[1992]] berakhir dengan pemberontak menguasai sebagian besar Abkhazia di barat laut [[Sukhum]].
Shevardnadze's government accused Russia of giving covert military support to the rebels with the aim of "detaching from Georgia its native territory and the Georgia-Russian frontier land". 1992 ended with the rebels in control of much of Abkhazia northwest of Sukhumi.
TheKonflik conflicttersebut wasmenemui injalan stalematebuntu untilhingga July[[Juli]] [[1993]], whenketika milisi separatis Abkhaz separatistmelancarkan militiasserangan launchedyang angagal abortiveterhadap attackSukhum onyang Georgian-helddikuasai SukhumiGeorgia. TheyMereka surroundedmengepung anddan heavilymenembaki shelledibu the capitalkota, wheretempat Shevardnadze was trappedtinggal. ThePihak warringyang sidesbertikai [[Sochimenyetujui agreement|agreedgencatan tosenjata ayang Russian-brokeredditengahi truce[[Rusia]] indi [[Sochi]] atpada theakhir end of July[[Juli]]. ButNamun thegencatan ceasefiresenjata brokekembali downgagal again onpada [[16 September]] [[1993]].
AbkhazPasukan forcesAbkhazia, withdengan armeddukungan supportbersenjata fromdari outsideluar Abkhazia, launchedmelancarkan attacksserangan onke SukhumiSukhum anddan Ochamchira[[Ochamchire]]. NotwithstandingTerlepas UNdari Securityseruan Council's[[Dewan callKeamanan forPerserikatan theBangsa-Bangsa|Dewan immediateKeamanan cessationPBB]] ofuntuk hostilitiespenghentian andsegera itspermusuhan condemnationdan ofkecamannya theatas violationpelanggaran of[[gencatan thesenjata]] ceasefireoleh by thepihak Abkhaz, side,pertempuran fightingterus continuedberlanjut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unomig/background.html|title=UNOMIG: United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia – Background|work=un.org|access-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519123621/http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unomig/background.html|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> AfterSetelah tensepuluh dayshari ofpertempuran heavy fightingsengit, Sukhumi[[Sukhum]] wasdirebut takenoleh bypasukan Abkhazian forcesAbkhazia onpada [[27 September]] [[1993]]. Shevardnadze narrowlynyaris escapedlolos deathdari maut, aftersetelah vowingitu todia staybersumpah inuntuk tetap tinggal thedi citykota noapapun matteryang whatterjadi.
Kemudian tak lama Shevardnadze berubah pikiran, bagaimanapun, dia memutuskan untuk melarikan diri ketika penembak [[Separatisme|separatis]] menembaki hotel tempat dia menginap. Abkhaz, militan [[Kaukasus Utara|Kaukasia Utara]], dan sekutu mereka melakukan banyak kekejaman<ref name="hrwreport" /> melawan [[Orang Georgia|etnis Georgia]] yang tersisa di kota itu, dalam apa yang disebut [[Sukhum|Pembantaian Sukhum]]. [[Pembunuhan|Pembunuhan massal]] dan perusakan berlanjut selama dua minggu, menyebabkan ribuan orang tewas dan hilang.
He changed his mind, however, and decided to flee when separatist [[sniper]]s fired on the hotel where he was staying. Abkhaz, North Caucasian militants, and their allies committed numerous atrocities<ref name="hrwreport" /> against the city's remaining ethnic Georgians, in what has been dubbed the [[Sukhumi Massacre]]. The mass killings and destruction continued for two weeks, leaving thousands dead and missing.
ThePasukan Abkhaz forces quicklyAbkhazia overrandengan thecepat restmenyerbu ofsisa Abkhazia assaat thepemerintah GeorgianGeorgia governmentmenghadapi facedancaman a second threatkedua; anpemberontakan uprisingoleh bypara the supporters of the deposedpendukung [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] inyang thedigulingkan regiondi ofwilayah Mingrelia ([[Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti|Samegrelo]]). Only aHanya smallsebagian regionkecil ofwilayah easterntimur Abkhazia, the [[Upper Abkhazia|upperNgarai Kodori gorge]]Atas, remainedyang undertetap Georgianberada controldi bawah kendali [[Georgia]] (untilsampai tahun [[2008]]).{{cn|date=August 2021}}
DuringSelama the warperang, grosspelanggaran human[[Hak rightsasasi violationsmanusia|HAM]] wereberat reporteddilaporkan ondi bothkedua sides (see [[Human Rights Watch]] report)sisi.<ref name="hrwreport"/> GeorgianPasukan troopsGeorgia havedituduh beenmelakukan accused of having committed looting[[penjarahan]]<ref name=mirsky1>On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, pg 72, by Georgiy I. Mirsky, published by [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], sponsored by the [[London School of Economics]]</ref> anddan murderspembunuhan "foruntuk thetujuan purpose of terrorisingmeneror, robbingmerampok anddan drivingmengusir thependuduk Abkhaz populationdari outrumah of their homes"mereka.<ref name="hrwreport"/> inKemudian thedi firstfase phasepertama of the warperang (according tomenurut [[Human Rights Watch]]), whilesementara Georgia blamesmenyalahkan thepasukan AbkhazAbkhazia forcesdan andsekutu theirmereka alliesatas for[[Pembersihan theetnik|pembersihan ethnicetnis]] cleansingGeorgia of Georgians indi Abkhazia, whichyang hasjuga alsotelah beendiakui recognised by theoleh ''[[OrganizationOrganisasi foruntuk SecurityKeamanan anddan CooperationKerja inSama Europe]]di (Eropa|OSCE) SummitsSummit]]'' indi [[Budapest]] (1994),<ref name=osce1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/osce/new/Regional-Issues.html |title=CSCE Budapest Document 1994, Budapest Decisions, Regional Issues |publisher=.umn.edu |access-date=22 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607174605/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/osce/new/Regional-Issues.html |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[LisbonLisboa]] (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4049_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606104714/http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/4049_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Lisbon OSCE Summit Declaration|archive-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> anddan [[Istanbul]] (1999).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1999/11/4050_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003061526/http://www.osce.org/documents/mcs/1999/11/4050_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Istanbul Document 1999|date=1999-11-19| df=dmy-all|archive-date=3 October 2006|website=www.osce.org}}</ref>
=== Pembersihan etnis orang Georgia ===
===Ethnic cleansing of Georgians===
{{main|Ethnic cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia}}
[[File:Abkhazia genocide anniversary 2005.jpg|thumb|Exhibition at the 2005 commemoration of the ethnic cleansing in Abkhazia, held on its 12th anniversary in Tbilisi.]]
Before the [[War in Abkhazia (1992-1993)|1992 War]], Georgians made up nearly half of Abkhazia's population, while less than one-fifth of the population was [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]].<ref name=censuses2>{{cite journal |last1=Kolossov |first1=Vladimir |last2=O'Loughlin |first2=John |title=After the Wars in the South CaucasusState of Georgia: Economic Insecuritiesand Migration in the "De Facto" Statesof Abkhazia and South Ossetia |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |page=634 |doi=10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.631|s2cid=154652086 }}</ref> As the war progressed, confronted with hundreds of thousands of ethnic Georgians who were unwilling to leave their homes, the Abkhaz separatists implemented the process of [[ethnic cleansing]] in order to expel and eliminate the Georgian ethnic population in Abkhazia.<ref>The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27</ref><ref>US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120</ref> About 5,000 were killed, 400 went missing<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gamakharia |first1=Jemal |title=INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY TO BRING A VERDICT ON THE TRAGEDY OF ABKHAZIA/GEORGIA |date=2015 |isbn=978-9941-461-12-5 |page=7 |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/117908/1/Genocidi.pdf |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> and up to 250,000 ethnic Georgians were expelled from their homes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/abkhazia-the-disputed-land-of-the-soul/|title=Abkhazia – the disputed land of the soul|date=20 August 1997}}</ref> According to [[International Crisis Group]], as of 2006 slightly over 200,000 Georgians remained displaced in Georgia proper.<ref name="Abkhazia Today">{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|title=Europe Report N°176: Abkhazia Today|publisher=Crisisgroup.org|date=15 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171833/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref> ▼
[[File:Abkhazia genocide anniversary 2005.jpg|thumb|Pameran pada peringatan [[Pembersihan etnik|pembersihan etnis]] tahun [[2005]] di Abkhazia, diadakan pada hari jadinya yang ke-12 di [[Tbilisi]].]]
The campaign of ethnic cleansing also included Russians, Armenians, Greeks, moderate Abkhaz and other minor ethnic groups living in Abkhazia. More than 20,000 houses owned by ethnic Georgians were destroyed. Hundreds of schools, kindergartens, churches, hospitals, and historical monuments were pillaged and destroyed.<ref>Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, pp 12–13</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} Following the process of ethnic cleansing and mass expulsion, the population of Abkhazia has been reduced to 216,000, from 525,000 in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|title=World Review – Washington shames Moscow over 'occupied' Abkhazia|website=www.worldreview.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161044/http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref> ▼▲Before theSebelum [[ WarPerang indi Abkhazia ( 1992-19931992–1993)| Perang 1992 War]], Georgians[[orang madeGeorgia]] upmembentuk nearlyhampir halfsetengah ofdari populasi Abkhazia 's population, whilesementara lesskurang thandari one-fifthseperlima ofpopulasi theadalah population was [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]]Abkhazia.<ref name= "censuses2 ">{{cite journal |last1=Kolossov |first1=Vladimir |last2=O'Loughlin |first2=John |title=After the Wars in the South CaucasusState of Georgia: Economic Insecuritiesand Migration in the "De Facto" Statesof Abkhazia and South Ossetia |journal=Eurasian Geography and Economics |year=2011 |volume=52 |issue=5 |page=634 |doi=10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.631|s2cid=154652086 }}</ref> AsSaat the warperang progressedberlangsung, confronteddihadapkan withdengan hundredsratusan ofribu thousandsetnis ofGeorgia ethnicyang Georgianstidak whomau weremeninggalkan unwillingrumah to leave their homesmereka, the Abkhaz separatists implemented the process of [[ ethnic cleansingSeparatisme|separatis]] inAbkhazia ordermelaksanakan toproses expelpembersihan andetnis eliminateuntuk themengusir Georgiandan ethnicmenghilangkan populationpopulasi inetnis Georgia di Abkhazia.<ref>The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27</ref><ref>US State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1993, February 1994, pp. 120</ref> AboutSekitar 5 ,.000 were killedtewas, 400 went missinghilang<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gamakharia |first1=Jemal |title=INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY TO BRING A VERDICT ON THE TRAGEDY OF ABKHAZIA/GEORGIA |date=2015 |isbn=978-9941-461-12-5 |page=7 |url=http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/117908/1/Genocidi.pdf |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> anddan up tohingga 250 ,.000 ethnicetnis Georgians wereGeorgia expelleddiusir fromdari theirrumah homesmereka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionetherlandsarchives.org/abkhazia-the-disputed-land-of-the-soul/|title=Abkhazia – the disputed land of the soul|date=20 August 1997}}</ref> According toBerdasarkan [[ ICG|''International Crisis Group '']], aspada oftahun [[2006 ]] slightlysedikit overlebih dari 200 ,.000 Georgiansorang remainedGeorgia displacedtetap inmengungsi Georgiadi proper[[Georgia]].<ref name="Abkhazia Today">{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|title=Europe Report N°176: Abkhazia Today|publisher=Crisisgroup.org|date=15 September 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222171833/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/europe/south-caucasus/georgia/176-abkhazia-today.aspx|archive-date=22 February 2014}}</ref>
▲The[[Kampanye campaignpolitik|Kampanye]] ofpembersihan ethnicetnis cleansingjuga alsotermasuk included[[Bangsa RussiansRusia|Rusia]], Armenians[[Bangsa Armenia|Armenia]], Greeks[[Bangsa Yunani|Yunani]], moderate[[Bangsa Abkhaz |Abkhaz]] andmoderat otherdan minorkelompok ethnicetnis groupskecil livinglainnya inyang tinggal di Abkhazia. MoreLebih thandari 20 ,.000 housesrumah ownedmilik byetnis ethnicGeorgia Georgians were destroyedhancur. HundredsRatusan ofsekolah, schools,taman kindergartenskanak-kanak, churchesgereja, hospitalsrumah sakit, anddan historicalmonumen monumentsbersejarah weredijarah pillaged anddan destroyeddihancurkan.<ref>Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow by S. A. Chervonnaia and Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, pp 12–13</ref> {{better sourceSetelah needed|date=Februaryproses 2021}}[[Pembersihan Followingetnik|pembersihan theetnis]] process of ethnic cleansing anddan masspengusiran expulsionmassal, the population ofpopulasi Abkhazia hastelah beenberkurang reduced tomenjadi 216 ,.000, fromdari 525 ,.000 inpada tahun [[1989 ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|title=World Review – Washington shames Moscow over 'occupied' Abkhazia|website=www.worldreview.info|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202161044/http://www.worldreview.info/content/washington-shames-moscow-over-occupied-abkhazia|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>
Of about 250,000 Georgian refugees, some 60,000 subsequently returned to Abkhazia's [[Gali District, Abkhazia|Gali District]] between 1994 and 1998, but tens of thousands were displaced again when fighting resumed in the Gali District in 1998. Nevertheless, between 40,000 and 60,000 refugees have returned to the Gali District since 1998, including persons commuting daily across the ceasefire line and those migrating seasonally in accordance with agricultural cycles.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf UN High Commissioner for refugees. Background note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Georgia remaining outside Georgia], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628110410/http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}</ref> The human rights situation remained precarious for a while in the Georgian-populated areas of the Gali District. The United Nations and other international organisations have been fruitlessly urging the Abkhaz ''de facto'' authorities "to refrain from adopting measures incompatible with the right to return and with international human rights standards, such as discriminatory legislation... [and] to cooperate in the establishment of a permanent international human rights office in Gali and to admit United Nations civilian police without further delay."<ref>{{cite report|last=Kälin|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Kälin|url=http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|title=Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons – Mission to Georgia (21 to 24 December 2005)|publisher=United Nations|date=24 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223084834/http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> Key officials of the Gali District are virtually all ethnic Abkhaz, though their support staff are ethnic Georgian.<ref name="Today">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 Abkhazia Today.] ''The [[International Crisis Group]] Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006'', page 10. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. ''Free registration needed to view full report'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510033711/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref> ▼
Dari sekitar 250.000 pengungsi Georgia, sekitar 60.000 kemudian kembali ke [[Gali|Distrik Gali]] Abkhazia antara tahun [[1994]] dan [[1998]], tetapi puluhan ribu mengungsi lagi ketika pertempuran berlanjut di Distrik Gali pada tahun [[1998]]. Namun demikian, antara 40.000–60.000 pengungsi telah kembali ke Distrik Gali sejak tahun 1998, termasuk orang-orang yang bepergian setiap hari melintasi garis [[gencatan senjata]] dan mereka yang [[Migrasi|bermigrasi]] secara musiman sesuai dengan siklus pertanian.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf UN High Commissioner for refugees. Background note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Georgia remaining outside Georgia], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628110410/http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}</ref>
{{main|Georgian–Abkhaz conflict}}
▲OfSituasi abouthak 250,000asasi Georgianmanusia refugees, some 60,000 subsequently returned to Abkhazia'stetap [[ GaliGenting District, Abkhazia(disambiguasi)| Gali Districtgenting]] betweenuntuk 1994sementara andwaktu 1998,di butdaerah tensberpenduduk ofGeorgia thousandsdi were displaced again when fighting resumed in theDistrik Gali District in 1998. Nevertheless, between 40,000 and 60,000 refugees have returned to the Gali District since 1998, including persons commuting daily across the ceasefire line and those migrating seasonally in accordance with agricultural cycles.<ref>[ http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdf[Perserikatan UN High Commissioner for refugees. Background note on the Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Georgia remaining outside GeorgiaBangsa-Bangsa]] , {{webarchivedan |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628110410/http://www.unhcr.org/publ/RSDLEGAL/43a6878d4.pdforganisasi |date=28internasional Junelainnya 2007tanpa }}</ref>hasil Themendesak human rights situation remained precarious for a while in the Georgian-populated areas of the Gali District. The United Nations and other international organisations have been fruitlessly urging the Abkhazotoritas '' [[de facto ]]'' authoritiesAbkhaz "tountuk refrainmenahan fromdiri adoptingdari measuresmengadopsi incompatiblelangkah-langkah withyang thetidak rightsesuai todengan returnstandar and[[hak withasasi internationalmanusia]] human rights standardsinternasional, suchseperti asundang-undang discriminatory legislation...yang [ and[Diskriminasi|diskriminatif]] to cooperate in the establishment of a permanent international human rights office in Gali and to admit United Nations civilian police without further delay. "<ref>{{cite report|last=Kälin|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Kälin|url=http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|title=Report of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons – Mission to Georgia (21 to 24 December 2005)|publisher=United Nations|date=24 March 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223084834/http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/idp/200603_rpt_Georgia.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> KeyPejabat officialskunci of theDistrik Gali Districthampir aresemuanya virtually[[Bangsa all ethnicAbkhaz|etnis Abkhaz ]], thoughmeskipun theirstaf supportpendukung staffmereka areadalah ethnicetnis GeorgianGeorgia.<ref name="Today">[http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 Abkhazia Today.] ''The [[International Crisis Group]] Europe Report N°176, 15 September 2006'', page 10. Retrieved on 30 May 2007. ''Free registration needed to view full report'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510033711/http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?l=1&id=4377 |date=10 May 2007 }}</ref>
[[File:Apsua Holding Apsny Flag.jpg|thumb|Abkhazia membawa bendera republik dalam parade.]]
Pemilihan presiden diadakan di Abkhazia pada [[3 Oktober]] [[2004]]. Rusia mendukung [[Raul Khajimba]], perdana menteri yang didukung oleh Presiden separatis yang sedang sakit [[Vladislav Ardzinba]].<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/abkhazia Abkhazia Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926035645/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/abkhazia |date=26 September 2015 }}, [[Freedom House]], 2013</ref> Poster Presiden Rusia [[Vladimir Putin]] bersama Khajimba, yang sama-sama pernah bekerja sebagai pejabat [[Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti|''KGB'']].<ref name=kkuzel62425>{{cite web|url=http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/62425|script-title=ru:Все – на выборы!|language=ru|first=Vitalii|last=Sharia|publisher=[[Caucasian Knot]]|date=2 October 2004|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016223526/http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/62425|archive-date=16 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Deputi parlemen Rusia dan penyanyi Rusia, yang dipimpin oleh Joseph Cobsohn, wakil [[Duma Negara]] dan penyanyi populer, datang ke Abkhazia, berkampanye untuk Khajimba.<ref>[http://lenta.ru/lib/14159612/ Profile of Raul Khadjimba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926044700/http://lenta.ru/lib/14159612/ |date=26 September 2015 }}, Lenta.ru</ref>
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