Kepulauan Spratly: Perbedaan antara revisi

Pada Januari 2013, Filipina memulai proses [[arbitrase]] terhadap Tiongkok di bawah [[Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hukum Laut|Konvensi PBB tentang Hukum Laut]] (UNCLOS) di berbagai masalah, termasuk klaim hak bersejarah atas sebagian atau seluruh Kepulauan Spratly di dalam [[sembilan garis putus-putus]].<ref name="pressrelease">{{cite web |url=https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |title=Press Release: The South China Sea Arbitration (''The Republic of the Philippines v. The People's Republic of China'') |date=12 July 2016 |publisher=PCA |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712201412/https://pca-cpa.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/175/2016/07/PH-CN-20160712-Press-Release-No-11-English.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/aa32a224-480e-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab.html |title=Timeline: South China Sea dispute |date=12 July 2016 |work=Financial Times |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161214224551/https://www.ft.com/content/aa32a224-480e-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-date=14 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/4400671/philippines-south-china-sea-arbitration-case/?xid=homepage |magazine=TIME |title=China's Global Reputation Hinges on Upcoming South China Sea Court Decision |first=Hannah |last=Beech |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713195604/http://time.com/4400671/philippines-south-china-sea-arbitration-case/?xid=homepage |archive-date=13 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sebuah pengadilan arbiter dibentuk berdasarkan Lampiran VII UNCLOS menunjuk [[Mahkamah Arbitrase Antarabangsa|Pengadilan Tetap Arbitrase]] (PCA) sebagai registri untuk proses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/227 |title=Press Release: Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China: Arbitral Tribunal Establishes Rules of Procedure and Initial Timetable |date=27 August 2013 |publisher=PCA |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721161722/http://www.pcacases.com/web/sendAttach/227 |archive-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pada 12 Juli 2016, pengadilan arbitrase memutuskan mendukung Filipina pada sebagian besar pengajuannya. Meskipun tidak akan "mengatur masalah kedaulatan atas wilayah darat dan tidak akan membatasi batas maritim antara Para Pihak", pengadilan menyimpulkan bahwa Tiongkok secara historis tidak melakukan kontrol eksklusif dalam garis sembilan putus-putus, karenanya "tidak memiliki dasar hukum" untuk mengklaim "hak bersejarah" atas sumber daya.<ref name="pressrelease" /> Pengadilan juga menyimpulkan bahwa klaim hak historis Tiongkok atas wilayah maritim (sebagai lawan dari daratan dan perairan teritorial) di dalam garis sembilan putus tidak akan memiliki efek hukum di luar apa yang menjadi haknya berdasarkan UNCLOS.<ref name="PCA Award">{{cite web |url = http://www.pcacases.com/pcadocs/PH-CN%20-%2020160712%20-%20Award.pdf |title=PCA Case Nº 2013-19 |publisher=Permanent Court of Arbitration |date=12 July 2016 }}</ref>{{refn|PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(264, 266, 267), p. 113.<ref name="PCA Award" />}}{{refn|PCA Award, Section V(F)(d)(278), p. 117.<ref name="PCA Award" />}} Hal ini mengkritik proyek reklamasi tanah Tiongkok dan pembangunan pulau buatan di Kepulauan Spratly, dengan mengatakan bahwa mereka telah menyebabkan "kerusakan parah pada lingkungan terumbu karang".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |authors=Tom Phillips, Oliver Holmes, Owen Bowcott |date=12 July 2016 |work=The Guardian |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712220441/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pada akhirnya, Pulau Taiping dan lainnya dari Kepulauan Spratly ditetapkan sebagai "batuan" di bawah UNCLOS, dan karena itu tidak berhak atas zona ekonomi eksklusif 200 mil laut.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-rejects-south-china-sea-ruling-says-will-deploy-another-navy-vessel-to-itu-aba | work = [[The Straits Times]] | date = 12 July 2016 | first = Jermyn | last = Chow | title = Taiwan rejects South China Sea ruling, says will deploy another navy vessel to Taiping | access-date = 13 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015244/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-rejects-south-china-sea-ruling-says-will-deploy-another-navy-vessel-to-itu-aba | archive-date = 17 June 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref> Keputusan tersebut merupakan keputusan final dan tidak dapat diajukan banding oleh kedua negara.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/news/china/21702069-region-and-america-will-now-anxiously-await-chinas-response-un-appointed-tribunal |title=A UN-appointed tribunal dismisses China's claims in the South China Sea |date=12 July 2016 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091610/https://www.economist.com/news/china/21702069-region-and-america-will-now-anxiously-await-chinas-response-un-appointed-tribunal |archive-date=13 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html?_r=0 |title=Beijing's South China Sea Claims Rejected by Hague Tribunal |first=Jane |last=Perez |date=12 July 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712152027/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/13/world/asia/south-china-sea-hague-ruling-philippines.html?_r=0 |archive-date=12 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tiongkok menolak keputusan itu dengan menyebutnya "tidak berdasar".<ref name="BBC 2016">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-36771749 |title=South China Sea: Tribunal backs case against China brought by Philippines |date=12 July 2016 |work=BBC |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620040633/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-36771749 |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Taiwan, yang saat ini mengelola Pulau Taiping, juga menolak keputusan tersebut.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1988990/taiwan-controlled-taiping-island-rock-says |title=Taiwan-controlled Taiping Island is a rock, says international court in South China Sea ruling |date=12 July 2016 |work=South China Morning Post |authors=Jun Mai, Shi Jiangtao |access-date=13 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715074244/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1988990/taiwan-controlled-taiping-island-rock-says |archive-date=15 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Delapan pemerintah secara terbuka menyerukan agar putusan itu dihormati, 35 telah mengeluarkan pernyataan yang umumnya positif tanpa meminta pihak-pihak untuk mematuhinya, dan delapan secara terbuka menolaknya. Delapan pemerintah yang mendukung adalah [[Australia]], [[Kanada]], [[Jerman]], [[Jepang]], [[Selandia Baru]], Filipina, [[Inggris]], dan Amerika Serikat; delapan oposisi adalah Tiongkok, [[Montenegro]], [[Pakistan]], [[Rusia]], [[Sudan]], [[Suriah]], Taiwan, dan [[Vanuatu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://amti.csis.org/arbitration-support-tracker/ |title=Arbitration Support Tracker |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422151410/https://amti.csis.org/arbitration-support-tracker/ |archive-date=22 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180209060419/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/15/south-china-sea-arbitration/ Declaration by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the Award rendered in the Arbitration between the Republic of the Philippines and the People's Republic of China] (archived from [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/07/15/south-china-sea-arbitration the original] on February 9, 2018)</ref> [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa]] sendiri tidak memiliki posisi atas dasar hukum dan prosedural dari kasus atau pada klaim yang disengketakan, dan [[Sekretaris Jenderal Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Sekretaris Jenderal]] menyatakan harapannya bahwa konsultasi lanjutan tentang Kode Etik antara ASEAN dan Tiongkok di bawah kerangka kerja Deklarasi Perilaku Para Pihak di Laut Tiongkok Selatan akan mengarah pada peningkatan saling pengertian di antara semua pihak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/db160712.doc.htm |title=Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=12 July 2016 |website=United Nations |publisher=United Nations |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref>