Kebangkitan dunia Arab: Perbedaan antara revisi

'''Kebangkitan dunia Arab''' atau '''Musim Semi Arab''' ({{lang-en|The Arab Spring}}; {{lang-ar|الثورات العربية}}, secara harafiah ''Pemberontakan Arab'') (lebih tepat diterjemahkan sebagai Revolusi Arab) adalah [[gelombang revolusi]] [[unjuk rasa]] dan [[protes]] yang terjadi di [[dunia Arab]]. Sejak 18 Desember 2010, telah terjadi revolusi di [[Revolusi Tunisia|Tunisia]]<ref name="tropicpost">{{Cite news|title=Middle East In Revolt|url=http://www.tropicpost.com/middle-east-in-revolt/|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=11 February 2011|archive-date=2011-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606075617/http://www.tropicpost.com/middle-east-in-revolt/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> dan [[Revolusi Mesir 2011|Mesir]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2011/0211/Egypt-s-revolution-redefines-what-s-possible-in-the-Arab-world|agency=Christian Science Monitor|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Egypt's revolution redefines what's possible in the Arab world|first=Scott|last=Peterson}}</ref> [[Perang saudara Libya 2011|perang saudara di Libya]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8344034/Libya-civil-war-breaks-out-as-Gaddafi-mounts-rearguard-fight.html|agency=The Telegraph|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya: civil war breaks out as Gaddafi mounts rearguard fight|first=Richard|last=Spencer}}</ref> pemberontakan sipil di [[Pemberontakan Bahrain 2011|Bahrain]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/939631--death-turns-harmless-man-into-bahrain-uprising-s-martyr|agency=The Toronto Star|date=16 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Death turns ‘harmless man’ into Bahrain uprising’s martyr|first=Jesse|last=McLean}}</ref> [[Pemberontakan Suriah 2011|Suriah]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,753517,00.html|agency=Der Spiegel|date=28 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title='It Will Not Stop': Syrian Uprising Continues Despite Crackdown}}</ref> and [[Pemberontakan Yaman 2011|Yaman]];<ref>{{Cite web |work = The New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/middleeast/28yemen.html | date=28 January 2011 | title = Thousands in Yemen Protest Against the Government | first1=Nada | last1=Bakri | first2=J. David | last2=Goodman |postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> protes besar di [[Protes Aljazair 2010–2011|Aljazair]],<ref>{{cite news|agency=CBC News|title=Algeria protest draws thousands|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/02/12/algeria.html|date=12 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Irak 2011|Irak]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/02/24/AR2011022403117.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Stephanie|last=McCrummen|title=13 killed in Iraq's 'Day of Rage' protests}}</ref> [[Protes Yordania 2011|Yordania]],<ref>{{cite news|date=28 January 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2011/01/2011128125157509196.html|agency=Al Jazeera English|title=Thousands protest in Jordan}}</ref> [[Protes Maroko 2011|Maroko]],<ref name = "afrol1">{{cite web|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37175|title= Morocco King on holiday as people consider revolt | publisher=Afrol.com|year= 2011 | accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Oman 2011|Oman]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/one-dead-dozen-injured-as-oman-protest-turns-ugly-1.768789|agency=Gulf News|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|first=Sunil|last=Vaidya|title=One dead, dozen injured as Oman protest turns ugly}}</ref> dan protes kecil di [[Protes Kuwait 2011|Kuwait]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44476|agency=Middle East Online|date=20 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Kuwaiti stateless protest for third day|archive-date=2011-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222233321/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=44476|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[2011 Lebanese protests|Lebanon]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|title=Lebanon: Protests against Sectarian Political System|publisher=Reuters|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=8 March 2011|archive-date=2011-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124030156/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71Q08L20110227|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Protes Mauritania 2011|Mauritania]],<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20110224/pl_ac/7929736_benin_senegal_mauritania_impacted_by_protest_movements|title = Benin, Senegal, Mauritania Impacted by Protest Movements|publisher = Yahoo!|date = 24 February 2011|accessdate = 25 February 2011|first = Shawn|last = Humphrey|archive-date = 2011-03-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110302230053/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ac/20110224/pl_ac/7929736_benin_senegal_mauritania_impacted_by_protest_movements|dead-url = yes}}</ref> [[Protes Saudi 2011|Arab Saudi]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12260465|title=Man dies after setting himself on fire in Saudi Arabia|publisher=BBC News|date=23 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> [[Protes Sudan 2011|Sudan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/160998.html|title= Sudan opposition leader arrested| publisher=Press TV | location = IR |date=19 January 2011|accessdate=29 January 2011}}</ref> dan [[Protes Sahrawi 2011|Sahara Barat]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afrol.com/articles/37450|agency=Afrol|date=27 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=New clashes in occupied Western Sahara}}</ref> Kerusuhan di [[Demonstasi perbatasan Israel 2011|perbatasan Israel]] bulan Mei 2011 juga terinspirasi oleh kebangkitan dunia Arab ini.<ref>{{cite news|agency=FOX News|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/06/06/israeli-troops-gird-for-more-syria-border-violence/|date=6 June 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria Blocks New Border Protest as Death Toll Rises to 23}}</ref> Protes ini menggunakan teknik [[pemberontakan sipil]] dalam kampanye yang melibatkan serangan, demonstrasi, pawai, dan pemanfaatan [[media sosial]], seperti [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[YouTube]], dan [[Skype]], untuk mengorganisir, berkomunikasi, dan meningkatkan kesadaran terhadap usaha-usaha penekanan dan [[penyensoran Internet]] oleh pemerintah.<ref name = cascading>{{cite web|url= http://www.miller-mccune.com/politics/the-cascading-effects-of-the-arab-spring-28575/|title=The Arab Uprising's Cascading Effects|publisher=Miller-mccune.com|date=23 February 2011|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> Banyak unjuk rasa ditanggapi keras oleh pihak berwajib,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/uk-morocco-protests-idUKTRE74L2YU20110522|agency=Reuters|title=Many wounded as Moroccan police beat protestors|date=23 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|archive-date=2012-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110041056/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/22/uk-morocco-protests-idUKTRE74L2YU20110522|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2011/0531/1224298143757.html|agency=The Irish Times|date=31 May 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria's crackdown|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120908191150/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2011/0531/1224298143757.html|archivedate=2012-09-08|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/16/501364/main20043683.shtml|agency=CBS News|date=16 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Bahrain troops lay siege to protesters' camp}}</ref> serta milisi dan pengunjuk rasa pro-pemerintah.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/0/10315/World/0/Syria-clampdown-on-protests-mirrors-Egypts-as-thug.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Syria clampdown on protests mirrors Egypt's as thugs join attcks}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/yemeni-government-supporters-attack-protesters-injuring-hundreds/2011/03/16/AB56R9g_story.html|agency=The Washington Post|date=17 March 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Yemeni government supporters attack protesters, injuring hundreds|first=Hakim|last=Almasmari}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/24/libya-protests-gaddafi-fo_n_827568.html|agency=The Huffington Post|date=24 February 2011|accessdate=12 June 2011|title=Libya Protests: Gaddafi Militia Opens Fire On Demonstrators}}</ref> Slogan pengunjuk rasa di dunia Arab yaitu ''[[Ash-sha`b yurid isqat an-nizam]]'' (''"Rakyat ingin menumbangkan rezim ini"'').<ref name = slogan>{{cite web|author=Uriel Abulof|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/uriel-abulof/what-is-the-arab-third-es_b_832628.html|title=What Is the Arab Third Estate?|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=1 May 2011}}</ref>

</ref> dan kadang "Musim Semi dan Dingin Arab",<ref>{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Aaron|title=What Is Israel’s Next Move In The New Middle East?|url=http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|work=Moment Magazine|publisher=Moment Magazine|accessdate=5/6/2011|archive-date=2011-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506055639/http://www.momentmag.com/moment/issues/2011/06/IsraelsNextMove.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> "Kebangkitan Arab"<ref>{{cite news|url = http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/2011/02/2011222121213770475.html}}{{cite news|url = http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html|title = Salinan arsip|access-date = 2011-08-23|archive-date = 2012-07-18|archive-url = https://archive.today/20120718183749/http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/05/arab_awakening.html|dead-url = yes}}{{cite news|url =http://www.economist.com/blogs/newsbook/2011/03/protests_middle_east|work=The Economist|title=The Arab awakening reaches Syria}}</ref> atau "Pemberontakan Arab"<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thenation.com/blog/158670/arab-uprisings-what-february-20-protests-tell-us-about-morocco}}{{cite news|url = http://www.economist.com/node/18332630}}</ref> meski tidak semua pihak yang terlibat dalam protes merupakan [[bangsa Arab]]. Rangkaian ini berawal dari protes pertama yang terjadi di [[Tunisia]] tanggal 18 Desember 2010 setelah [[pembakaran diri]] [[Mohamed Bouazizi]] dalam protes atas korupsi polisi dan perawatan kesehatan.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/22/world/africa/22sidi.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1&src=twrhp|title=Slap to a Man's Pride Set Off Tumult in Tunisia|work=The New York Times|date=22 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Kareem|last=Fahim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Noueihed|first=Lin|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119|title=Peddler's martyrdom launched Tunisia's revolution|publisher=Reuters|place=UK|date=19 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|archive-date=2011-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209104243/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/01/19/uk-tunisia-protests-bouazizi-idUKTRE70I7TV20110119|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Dengan kesuksesan protes di Tunisia, [[gelombang revolusi|gelombang kerusuhan]] menjalar ke [[Aljazair]], [[Yordania]], [[Mesir]], dan [[Yaman]],<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/01/27/AR2011012702081.html|title=Inspired by Tunisia and Egypt, Yemenis join in anti-government protests|work=The Washington Post|date=27 January 2011|accessdate=1 February 2011|first=Sudarsan|last=Raghavan}}</ref> kemudian ke negara-negara lain, dengan unjuk rasa terbesar dan paling terorganisir terjadi pada "hari kemarahan", biasanya hari Jumat setelah salat Jumat.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece|title=Yemenis square off in rival 'Day of Rage' protests|publisher=Arab News|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=6 February 2011|archive-date=2011-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707154845/http://arabnews.com/middleeast/article250370.ece|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Police in south Yemen disperse 'day of rage' protests|publisher=Google|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Hosted news|agency=Agence Presse-France|date=11 February 2011|location=Aden, Yemen|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223070701/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXNO9M4Mutdc9jI1glhjbs3lX5eg|archivedate=2011-12-23|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=White|first=Gregory|title=Bahrain Now Bracing For Its Own Day Of Rage After Giving Every Family $2,660 Fails|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/bahrain-day-of-rage-2011-2|accessdate=13 February 2011|newspaper=Business Insider|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Protes ini juga mendorong kerusuhan sejenis [[Dampak kebangkitan dunia Arab|di luar kawasan Arab]].

|{{*}}Konsesi ekonomi oleh Sultan [[Qaboos]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|title=Oman ups minimum monthly wages to $520 for nationals, Oman Economy – Maktoob News|publisher=En.news.maktoob.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011|archive-date=2011-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714023303/http://en.news.maktoob.com/20090000585688/Oman_ups_minimum_monthly_wages_to_520_for_nationals/Article.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/sit-in-in-sohar-town-forces-hypermarkets-to-close-down-1.768284|title=Sit-in in Sohar town forces hypermarkets to close down|publisher=gulfnews|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data/middleeast/2011/February/middleeast_February780%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2FFebruary%2Fmiddleeast_February780.xml&section=middleeast |title=Oman takes measures to address public grievances |publisher=Khaleejtimes.com |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=6 March 2011 |archive-date=2015-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112215341/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle08.asp?xfile=data%2Fmiddleeast%2F2011%2FFebruary%2Fmiddleeast_February780.xml&section=middleeast |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=(AFP) – 1 day ago|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ie73NUpvWHkuIAFKwLnqmyl0paLw?docId=CNG.29a2ebdaf178435a5e82e857cf4725de.ac1|title=AFP: Oman boosts student benefits|publisher=Google.com|year=|accessdate=27 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222221336/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ie73NUpvWHkuIAFKwLnqmyl0paLw?docId=CNG.29a2ebdaf178435a5e82e857cf4725de.ac1|archivedate=2011-12-22|dead-url=no}}</ref>

* [http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ Arab Revolution Video Blog] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312052014/http://arabrevolution.posterous.com/ |date=2011-03-12 }}