Bahasa Kazakh: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Baris 61:
Transisi dihentikan sementara pada [[13 Desember]] [[2007]], dengan presiden Nazarbayev menyatakan: "''Selama 70 tahun [[Bangsa Kazakh|orang Kazakhstan]] membaca dan menulis dalam [[alfabet Kiril]]. Lebih dari 100 kebangsaan tinggal di negara bagian kita. Oleh karena itu kita membutuhkan stabilitas dan kedamaian. Kita seharusnya tidak terburu-buru dalam masalah transformasi alfabet''."<ref>{{cite news<!-- |url is a dead link and not available from the Wayback Machine: http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=158363 -->|title = Kazakhstan should be in no hurry in Kazakh alphabet transformation to Latin: Nazarbayev|work = [[Kazinform]]|date = 13 December 2007|postscript = ,}} cited in {{cite web|title = Kazakhstan backtracks on move from Cyrillic to Roman alphabet?|date = 14 December 2007|access-date = 30 October 2017|url = http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929210213/http://pinyin.info/news/2007/kazakhstan-backtracks-on-move-from-cyrillic-to-roman-alphabet/|archive-date = 29 September 2014|url-status = live|website = Pinyin News}}</ref>
Namun, pada [[30 Januari]] [[2015]], Menteri Kebudayaan dan Olahraga Arystanbek Muhamediuly mengumumkan rencana transisi sedang dilakukan, dengan spesialis mengerjakan ortografi untuk mengakomodasi aspek [[fonologi]] bahasa.<ref>{{cite news|title = Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK|url-status = live|url = http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711|access-date = 17 September 2015|work = [[Kazinform]]|date = 30 January 2015|archive-date = 19 February 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170219113151/http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-language-to-be-converted-to-latin-alphabet-mcs-rk_a2741711}}</ref> Dalam mempresentasikan rencana strategis ini pada [[April]] [[2017]], [[Daftar Presiden Kazakhstan|Presiden Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] menggambarkan abad ke-20 sebagai periode
Nazarbayev memerintahkan otoritas Kazakh untuk membuat [[alfabet Latin]] Kazakh pada akhir [[2017]], yang menjadi tulisan Kazakh dapat kembali ke alfabet Latin mulai tahun [[2018]].<ref name="April2017change">{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=12 April 2017|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|url-status = live|archive-date = 6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-change-a-countrys-alphabet/28491505.html|title = From Я to R: How To Change A Country's Alphabet – And How Not To|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date = 16 May 2017|access-date = 18 May 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170523220838/https://www.rferl.org/a/how-to-change-a-countrys-alphabet/28491505.html|archive-date = 23 May 2017|url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2018}}, Bahasa Kazakh ditulis dalam [[alfabet Kiril]] di [[Kazakhstan]] dan [[Mongolia]], serta dalam bahasa Latin di Kazakhstan, sementara lebih dari satu juta penutur bahasa Kazakh di [[Tiongkok]] menggunakan alfabet turunan Arab yang mirip dengan yang digunakan untuk menulis [[bahasa Uigur]].<ref name="mukh" />
Baris 104:
{{clr|left}}
== Fonologi ==
Bahasa Kazakh menunjukkan harmoni vokal akar-lidah, dengan beberapa kata yang berasal dari asing baru-baru ini (biasanya berasal dari [[Bahasa Rusia|Rusia]] atau [[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]) sebagai pengecualian. Ada juga sistem harmoni pembulatan yang mirip dengan [[Bahasa Kirgiz|Kirgiz]], tetapi tidak berlaku secara kuat dan tidak tercermin dalam [[ortografi]]. Sistem ini hanya berlaku untuk vokal terbuka {{IPA|/e/, /ɪ/, /ʏ/}}, dan {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, yang terjadi pada suku berikutnya.<ref name="kaz-tili">[https://kaz-tili.kz/su_fonetika.htm ''Произношение букв'']</ref> Jadi, (dalam [[alfabet Latin]]); ''jūldyz'', ''bügın'', dan ''ülken'', sebenarnya diucapkan sebagai ''jūldūz'', ''bügün'', dan ''ülkön''.
===Konsonan===
Bagan berikut menggambarkan inventarisasi [[konsonan]] bahasa Kazakh standar;<ref>Some variations occur in the different regions where Kazakh is spoken, including outside Kazakhstan; e. g. ж / ج (where a Perso-Arabic script similar to the current [[Uyghur language#Writing system|Uyghur alphabet]] is used) is read {{IPA|[ʑ]}} in standard Kazakh, but {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} in some places.</ref> banyak bunyi, bagaimanapun adalah [[alofon]] dari bunyi lain atau hanya muncul dalam kata-kata pinjaman baru-baru ini. Ke-18 fonem konsonan yang dicantumkan oleh Vajda tanpa tanda kurung—karena ini adalah [[fonem]], tempat terdaftar dan cara artikulasinya sangat umum, dan akan berbeda dari yang ditampilkan. Fonem {{IPA|/f, v, x, t͡ɕ, t͡s/}} hanya terjadi pada pinjaman baru-baru ini, kebanyakan dari bahasa Rusia (/t͡s/ jarang muncul dalam ucapan normal). Kazakh memiliki 17 fonem konsonan asli; ini adalah konsonan stop /p, b, t, d, k, g, d͡ʑ/, frikatif /s, z, ɕ, ʑ/, nasal /m, n, ŋ/, liquids /r, l/, dan dua konsonan glides /w, j/.<ref name="Ozcelik">{{cite thesis |last=Öner |first=Özçelik |title=Kazakh phonology |publisher=Cambridge University |url=https://oozcelik.pages.iu.edu/papers/Kazakh%20phonology.pdf}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ caption |Fonem konsonan Kazakh<ref name="Vajda">{{citation
|last=Vajda
|first=Edward
|editor-last1=Kaplan
|editor-first1=E.
|editor-last2=Whisenhunt
|editor-first2=D.
|year=1994
|chapter=Kazakh phonology
|title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz
|place=Washington
|publisher=Western Washington
|pages=603–650
}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |
! [[Konsonan bibir|Labial]]
! [[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]]
! [[Konsonan langit-langit|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|м/m}}
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|н/n}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ŋ}} {{angbr|ң/ñ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate|Afrikat]]
! {{small|tak bersuara}}
| {{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|п/p}}
| {{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|т/t}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} {{angbr|ч/ç}}
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|к/k}}
| {{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|қ/q}}
|-
! {{small|bersuara }}
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|б/b}}
| {{IPA link|d}} {{angbr|д/d}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} {{angbr|ж/j}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}} {{angbr|г/g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Frikatif]]
! {{small|tak bersuara }}
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|ф/f}}
| {{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|с/s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}} {{angbr|ш/ş}}
|
| {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|х/h}}
|-
! {{small|bersuara }}
| {{IPA link|v}} {{angbr|в/v}}
| {{IPA link|z}} {{angbr|з/z}}
| {{IPA link|ʑ}} {{angbr|ж/zh}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʁ}} {{angbr|ғ/ğ}}
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|л/l}}
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|й/i}}
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|у/u}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|р/r}}
|
|
|
|}
Sebagai tambahan, /q/, /ɡ/, dan /b/ diucapkan secara terbuka (
* Berdasarkan [[Alfabet Fonetik Internasional|IPA]] di atas, menunjukkan perubahan tertentu dari rekan [[rumpun bahasa Turkik]], perubahan yang pada umumnya berprinsip. Empat pola seperti itu langsung dapat dikenali: (i) /t͡ɕ/ Turki sesuai dengan Kazakh /ɕ/, misalnya /qat͡ɕ/ ke /qaɕ/; (ii) /ɕ/ Turki pada gilirannya sesuai dengan Kazakh /s/ di posisi akhir, misalnya /tyɕ/ ke /tys/; (iii) /j/ Turki sesuai dengan /ʑ/ di posisi awal, misalnya /jaz/ ke /d͡ʑaz/ dan (iv) /ɣ/ Turki sesuai dengan Kazakh /w/ di posisi akhir /aɣ/ ke /aw/ (lihat juga Krueger [[1980]], Johanson [[2009]]).<ref name="Ozcelik"/>
===Vowels===
Kazakh has a system of 12 phonemic vowels, 3 of which are diphthongs. The rounding contrast and {{IPA|/æ/}} generally only occur as phonemes in the first syllable of a word, but do occur later allophonically; see the section on harmony below for more information. Moreover, the {{IPA|/æ/}} sound has been included artificially due to the influence of Arabic, Persian and, later, Tatar languages during the Islamic period.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/kazakh-grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of Kazakh|last1=Wagner|first1=John Doyle|last2=Dotton|first2=Zura}}</ref> The mid vowels "e, ө, о" are diphthongised with onsets [j͡ɪ, w͡ʉ, w͡ʊ].<ref name="Vajda" />
According to Vajda, the front/back quality of vowels is actually one of neutral versus [[retracted tongue root]].<ref name="Vajda"/>
Phonetic values are paired with the corresponding character in Kazakh's Cyrillic and current Latin alphabets.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Kazakh vowel phonemes
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]<br />([[Advanced and retracted tongue root|Advanced tongue root]])
![[Central vowel|Central]]<br />(Relaxed tongue root)
![[Back vowel|Back]]<br />(Retracted tongue root)
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAlink|ɪ̞}} {{angle bracket|і/ı}}
| {{IPAlink|ʉ}} {{angle bracket|ү/ü}}
| {{IPAlink|o̙}} {{angle bracket|ұ/ū}}
|-
! [[Diphthong]]
| {{IPA|je̘}} {{angle bracket|е/ie}}
| {{IPA|əj}} {{angle bracket|и/i}}
| {{IPA|ʊw}} {{angle bracket|у/u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAlink|e}} {{angle bracket|э/e}}
| {{IPAlink|ə}} {{angle bracket|ы/y}}
| {{IPA|o̞}} {{angle bracket|о/o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPAlink|æ̝}} {{angle bracket|ә/ä}}
| {{IPA|ɵ}} {{angle bracket|ө/ö}}
| {{IPAlink|ɑ̝}} {{angle bracket|а/a}}
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kazakh vowels by their pronunciation
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] and [[Central vowel|central]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!{{small|[[Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]}}
!{{small|[[Rounded vowel|rounded]]}}
!{{small|unrounded}}
!{{small|rounded}}
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPAlink|ɪ̞}} {{angle bracket|і/ı}}
|{{IPAlink|ʏ̞}} {{angle bracket|ү/ü}}
|{{IPAlink|ə}} {{angle bracket|ы/y}}
|{{IPAlink|ʊ̞}} {{angle bracket|ұ/ū}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|{{IPA link|e}} {{angle bracket|э/e}} / {{IPAlink|æ}} {{angle bracket|ә/ä}}
|{{IPA link|ɵ}} {{angle bracket|ө/ö}}
|{{IPAlink|ɑ̝}} {{angle bracket|а/a}}
|{{IPAlink|o̞}} {{angle bracket|о/o}}
|}
=== Vowel harmony ===
Like almost all [[Turkic languages]], Kazakh has [[vowel harmony]] (sometimes called "hard and soft vowels"). That is, syllables containing back vowels can only be followed by ones containing back vowels, and vice versa. Phonologically, ''i'', ''u'', and ''yu'' may depend on preceding or succeeding vowels, if the vowels are back, these are pronounced {{IPA-kk|əj, ʊw, jʊw|}}, and if the vowels are front, these are pronounced {{IPA-kk|ɪj, ʉw, jʉw|}}. When not preceded or succeeded by other vowels, the three letters are usually pronounced {{IPA-kk|ɪj, ʊw, jʊw|}} (except in the case of ''mi''/ми "brain" where they are pronounced as {{IPA-kk|-əj-|}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaz-tili.kz/su_prav.htm|title=Мягкие и твёрдые слова|website=Казахский язык|access-date=21 December 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Back vowels
! Front vowels
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''a''<br>а
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''e''<br>е/э
|-
| ''o''<br>о
| ''ö''<br>ө
|-
| ''ū''<br>ұ
| ''ü''<br>ү
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''y''<br>ы
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''i''<br>і
|-
! colspan="2" | Miscellaneous
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''ia''<br>я
| ''ä''<br>ә
|-
| ''io''<br>ё
|
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''u'' {{IPA-kk|ʊw|}}<br>у
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | {{IPA-kk|ʉw|}}
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''i'' {{IPA-kk|əj|}}<br>и
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | {{IPA-kk|ɪj|}}
|-
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | ''iu'' {{IPA-kk|jʊw|}}<br>ю
| style="background:#E0D8FF" | {{IPA-kk|jʉw|}}
|-
| colspan="2" | Rows in <span style="color:#E0D8FF">purple</span> represents vowels that exist in suffixes.
|}
Back vowels caused preceding ''-k-''/-к- and ''-g-''/-г- to be pronounced as ''-q-''/-қ- and ''-ğ-''/-ғ- in suffixes, respectively (''-ğa''/-ға vs. ''-ge''/-ге "dative case suffix").
=== Stress ===
Most words in Kazakh are stressed in the last syllable, except:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kaz-tili.kz/gl05.htm|title=Ударение|website=Казахский ясык|access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref>
* When counting objects, numbers are stressed in the first syllable, but stressed in the last syllable in collective numbers suffixed by ''-eu'' (''bıreu''',''''' ''altau'' from ''bır'', ''alty''):
:''bir'', e''kı'', üş, ''tört'', ''bes'', a''lty'', jetı, ...
:one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, ...
* Definite and negative pronouns are stressed in the first syllable:
:''bärıne'' eş''kımge''
:to everyone, to no one
== Referensi ==
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